2023–24 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

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2023–24 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed30 December 2023
Last system dissipatedSeason ongoing
Strongest storm
NameDjoungou
 • Maximum winds215 km/h (130 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure922 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances9
Total depressions9
Total storms8
Tropical cyclones4
Intense tropical cyclones2
Total fatalities46 total
Total damageUnknown
Related articles
South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons
2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24, 2024–25, 2025–26

The 2023–24 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season is the current event of the annual cycle of tropical and subtropical cyclogenesis. It began on 15 November 2023, and will end on 30 April 2024, with the exception for Mauritius and the Seychelles, for which it will end on 15 May 2024. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. However, tropical cyclones can form year-round, and all tropical cyclones that will form between 1 July 2023 and 30 June 2024 will be part of the season. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion and unofficially by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.

Seasonal forecasts[edit]

Records Moderate Tropical
Storms 		Very/Intense
Tropical Cyclones
Record high: 15 9
Record low: 3 0
Forecast Center Systems
Mauritius Meteorological Services 6–8 tropical cyclones
Météo-France 5–8 tropical cyclones
Forecast Center Chance of above average
Météo-France 10% 20% 70%
Source: Seasonal Outlook for Tropical Cyclones.[1][2]

In October 2023, Météo-France issued its seasonal forecast of cyclone activity for the basin, predicting a below-average season with 5–8 moderate tropical storms due to an expected strong El Niño event. The MFR also stated that the chance for a below-average season was 70%. Average cyclone activity was given a 20% chance, while an above-average level of activity was given a 10% chance.[1]

The Mauritius Meteorological Services (MMS) also released their summer outlooks for the season, stating that around six to eight cyclones were expected to form, with the region west of Diego Garcia having environmental conditions more conducive for cyclogenesis.[2]

Seasonal summary[edit]

Tropical Storm AlvaroTropical cyclone scales#Comparisons across basins

The season officially started on 15 November 2023, however the first system, Alvaro, would not form until 30 December. Alvaro became a tropical depression the next day, traversing the Mozambique Channel, before making landfall in Morombe District, Madagascar on 1 January 2024.[3] After a brief lull in activity, Tropical Cyclone Belal formed on 11 January.[4] Belal would affect Mauritius and Reunion, killing six people.[5][6] On 22 January, Moderate Tropical Storm Candice formed.[7]

Systems[edit]

Severe Tropical Storm Alvaro[edit]

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration30 December – 3 January
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
985 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Tropical Storm Alvaro

In December 2023, the MFR began to monitor the potential for tropical cyclogenesis as Kelvin waves and Rossby waves intersected in the western portion of the agency's area of responsibility, ahead of a wet phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO).[8] By 29 December, a monsoon trough had produced convection southeast of Beira, Mozambique that spun, as convergence of winds increased within the system's closed surface circulation.[9] The next day, the MFR classified the system as a tropical disturbance. [10] Tracking southeast under the influence of a ridge, the disturbance was further upgraded to a tropical depression by the MFR on 31 December.[11] The warm core consolidated, causing the system to intensify into a moderate tropical storm and receive the name Alvaro, with JTWC designated as Tropical Cyclone 04S.[12][13]

During 1 January 2024, Alvaro's maintenance of a curved band and the emergence of an eye prompted the MFR to upgrade the system to a severe tropical storm, as Alvaro continued to strengthen under favorable conditions despite vertical wind shear in the mid-level troposphere.[14] Alvaro later made landfall in Morombe District, Madagascar, bringing sustained winds of 140 km/h (85 mph) and gusts of 140 km/h (85 mph).[3] Alvaro rapidly weakened due to the mountainous terrain of the island nation, with rainbands around the core no longer present.[15] Alvaro re-entered the Indian Ocean on 3 January, re-intensifying back into a moderate tropical storm.[16] By 18:00 UTC, the MFR classified Alvaro as a post-tropical depression after the storm had lost its tropical characteristics.[17] The MFR issued its final bulletin on Alvaro on 4 January, as the system interacted with the baroclinic zone.[18]

Tropical Cyclone Belal[edit]

Tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration11 January – 18 January
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min);
969 hPa (mbar)

On 11 January, the MFR marked a zone of disturbed weather, citing the conducive conditions induced by the MJO and an equatorial Rossby wave. The monsoon trough north-northeast of Madagascar had intensified several days prior, as convergence transferred moisture aloft.[4] Concentration of convection near the center increased, particularly in the western section, as the system moved south.[19] By the next day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on the potential disturbance, since it was in an environment of very warm sea surface temperatures, high ocean heat content, low vertical shear, and excellent outflow.[20] At 12:00 UTC, the MFR categorized the system as a tropical depression. Additionally, microwave imagery indicated an eye in the lower-layer while the storm steered more westward,[21] and the JTWC began issuing advisories on the system as a tropical cyclone.[22] By 13 January, it intensified to a moderate tropical storm, prompting the MMS to name it Belal.[23] Intense lightning activity within the center further signaled a period of rapid intensification, leading to Belal becoming a severe tropical storm.[24] As the storm developed a well-defined eye, the MFR upgraded Belal to a tropical cyclone early on 14 January.[25] However, while Belal recurved southeastward, wind shear began to deteriorate the storm's structure into becoming asymmetrical.[26] The eyewall then struck the island of Réunion during the next day.[27] The storm briefly weakened back into a severe tropical storm,[28] before again becoming a tropical cyclone on 16 January after organization of the CDO.[29] Weakening then continued from dry air intrusion, causing Belal to become a moderate tropical storm on the next day.[30] By the end of 18 January, Belal had degenerated into a remnant low.[31]

As the system developed, the MFR issued a yellow cyclone pre-alert for Réunion on 13 January,[32] which was upgraded to an orange cyclone alert on 15:00 UTC the next day.[33] On 13 January, the MMS raised a class I cyclone warning for Mauritius.[34] On 14 January, the MFR upgraded the orange alert into a red alert for Réunion as Belal neared the island.[35] The next day, the MFR hoisted a purple alert for Réunion as Belal neared the coast.[36] The eyewall of Belal remained just offshore the northern coast of Réunion during the storm's closest passage.[37] Four people died during the storm in Réunion.[38] Around 150,000 electricity customers lost power, representing more than a third of the island's population. Around 37,000 people lost access to water.[37] Two people died in Mauritius.[39] After the storm's passage, Mauritius' head of meteorology stepped down after his institution was accused of "not giving adequate warning about the storm’s impact."[40]

Severe Tropical Storm Candice[edit]

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration22 January – 27 January
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

On 17 January, the MFR noted in its daily bulletin that a strong surge of monsoon flow northeast of the Mascarenes could produce a precursor vortex.[41] By 22 January, the MFR began releasing warnings on a broad but ill-defined circulation. Convection was offsetted far from the center as the system turns from south to southwest under the influence of a low-level ridge.[42] Upper-level divergence in conjunction with warm sea surface temperatures subdued the effects of vertical shear, enabling consolidation of the disturbance.[43] On 23 January, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system.[44] The next day, the MFR reported that the system intensified into a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC on 24 January,[45] before the MMS upgraded the system to a moderate tropical storm two hours later, naming it Candice.[46] On 25 January, the JTWC followed suit in recognizing the system as Tropical Cyclone 08S.[47] Candice eventually encountered more hostile environmental conditions, as wind shear began to increase dramatically.[48] Convective activity associated with Candice became limited to the cyclone, the MFR estimated that the system had peaked as a severe tropical storm with 10-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph).[49] Environmental conditions and increasingly strong wind shear displaced the storm's convection, weakening it further.[50] Candice degenerated into a post-tropical depression on 27 January as deep convective had ceased, and the final advisory was then issued by MFR.[51] The same day, the JTWC issued its final warning on the system as it became a weakly defined system with an exposed low-level circulation center (LLCC).[52]

Intense Tropical Cyclone Anggrek[edit]

Intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration25 January (Entered basin) – 30 January
Peak intensity185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

On 25 January, Severe Tropical Cyclone Anggrek moved into the basin from the Australian region and was classified as a tropical cyclone.[53] Anggrek strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane around 09:00 UTC on 26 January, after eye had emerged on satellite imagery, surrounded by a ring of −112 °F (−80 °C) cloud tops.[54] Six hours later, the cyclone maintained a well-defined eye, and the MFR later upgraded the system to an intense tropical cyclone.[55] The cyclone was highly compact, with a distinct eye. The cyclone weakened and bottomed out at 165 km/h (105 mph) on 28 January.[56] Later the next day, the JTWC stated that Anggrek peaked with one-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph)—equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane.[57] Around the same time, the convection decreasingly organized and wrapped around the LLCC.[58] The system was moving quickly southeastwards, steered by a ridge to its east.[59] Shortly afterward, Anggrek's cloud pattern slightly deteriorated; it then weakened due to strong wind shear.[60] Soon after, Anggrek's eye gradually disappeared from infrared and visible satellite imagery.[61] The MFR issued its last advisory on the storm as the convective structure weakened further at 18:00 UTC on 30 January. Later the next day, the JTWC discontinued warnings.[62][63]

Tropical Depression 05[edit]

Tropical depression (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration28 January – 2 February
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
999 hPa (mbar)

On 25 January, the MFR began highlighting the potential for tropical cyclone development in their daily bulletins, noting an increase in shower activity northeast of St. Brandon.[64] The monsoon trough began to produce persistent convection over the southwestern Indian Ocean.[65] The disturbance continued organizing, and at 00:00 UTC on 30 January, MFR upgraded the system to a tropical disturbance.[66] The same day, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system as its circulation consolidated,[67] and the next day, it recognized the system as Tropical Cyclone 09S.[68] Convective activity within the disturbance become better organized, resulting in it strengthening to a tropical depression.[69] However, deep convection eventually dissipated,[70] and the system degenerated into a remnant low at 06:00 UTC on 1 February;[71] however, it resumed an increase in convective activity and organization, prompting the MFR to classify the storm as a tropical depression again by the next day.[72] Six hours later, they released their final advisory due to the system being affected by low to moderate wind shear, with its deep convection displaced from the eastern semicircle.[73][74] The JTWC subsequently issued their final advisory on the system, as its circulation became fully exposed.[75]

Intense Tropical Cyclone Djoungou[edit]

Intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 4 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration13 February – 19 February (Exited basin)
Peak intensity215 km/h (130 mph) (10-min);
922 hPa (mbar)

On 8 February, MFR's tropical weather discussions began to highlight the possibility of a storm gradually developing in the northeast of the Mascarene Islands.[76] It gradually organized over favorable environmental conditions with very warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear.[77] At 00:00 UTC on 15 February, the system was classified as a tropical disturbance.[78] A day later, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression following a significant increase in curved banding.[79] Later that day, the JTWC issued a TCFA, noting a deep convection persisting around the center of circulation.[80] The JTWC upgraded the system to Tropical Cyclone 13S,[81] with the MMS naming it Djoungou a few hours later as it rapidly organized with deep flaring convection around the system's LLLC.[82][83] However, multispectral satellite imagery indicated that the cyclone had developed a banding eye feature.[84] As the eye emerged on visible satellite imagery early on 16 February, and at 18:00 UTC that day, the MFR classified Djoungou as a severe tropical storm.[85] However, a small central dense overcast (CDO) developed over Djoungou; it rapidly developed, becoming a Category 1 hurricane.[86] Soon afterward, the storm structure evolved the eye pattern and was surrounded by intense convective bursts, becoming a tropical cyclone.[87] Later, Djoungou was upgraded to a Category 4 major hurricane, with one-minute sustained winds estimated at 230 km/h (145 mph).[88] MFR immediately classified Djoungou as an intense tropical cyclone after the eye gradually improved its convective pattern.[89] However, due to wind shear, the cyclone's increasingly asymmetrical eye disappeared from satellite imagery.[90] Djoungou soon entered into an environment of increasing wind shear, causing its structure to rapidly deteriorate.[91] MFR issued its last advisory on Djoungou as it transitioned into a post-tropical depression.[92] On 19 February, Djoungou crossed into the Australian basin to the west-southwest of Learmonth, Western Australia.[93]

Severe Tropical Storm Eleanor[edit]

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration17 February – 24 February
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
984 hPa (mbar)

According to the first reports, the damage was light to moderate in Mauritius and nil in La Reunion.[94] In Mauritius, Eleanor gave strong winds and heavy rain which left at least 2 people injured, 10,000 customers deprived of electricity, several electricity pylons damaged, and toppled trees blocking several roads. It is the northern regions which suffered the greatest damage.[95]

Severe Tropical Storm Filipo[edit]

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration2 March – 14 March
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
989 hPa (mbar)

A report from the National Disasters Management Institute (INGD) on March 15 mentioned 48,000 people affected in the provinces of Gaza, Inhambane, Maputo and Sofala with 2 deaths and 25 injured. It is estimated that 8,000 houses were destroyed or damaged, as well as 51 health centers and 146 schools affected.[96] Rain accumulations were estimated by weather satellite to be of the order of 130 mm in 24 hours, approximately the normal rainfall for the entire month of March.[97]

Tropical Cyclone Gamane[edit]

Tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration25 March – 28 March
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
970 hPa (mbar)

On 25 March, a zone of disturbed weather emerged 398 nautical miles north-northeast of Toamasina, Madagascar. MFR began issuing bulletins for a potential tropical cyclone that could form in the upcoming days. A few hours later, JTWC followed suit and issued a TCFA, indicating a low-level circulation with a symmetric area of deep persistent convection obscuring the center.[98] On the next day, JTWC designated the disturbance as Tropical Cyclone 20S. A few hours later, 20S rapidly intensified into a severe tropical storm and was assigned the name Gamane by the MMS. On 27 March, Gamane gained additional strength, further intensifying into a Category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone. Its LLCC continued to structurally improve as it moved into more favorable conditions. At 03:00 UTC, Gamane made landfall on the east coast of Madagascar, just north of Vohémar. From this point, land interaction caused Gamane to weaken significantly — in the morning of 28 March, satellite imagery demonstrated that its deep central and feeder band convection had become disorganized as it tracked inland over the mountainous terrain of Northern Madagascar.[99] MFR issued its final warning after Gamane degenerated into a disturbance on March 28 at 12:00 UTC.[100]

According to a preliminary report on 28 March, Gamane generated heavy rains and floods which caused 18 deaths, one missing person, more than 2,500 displaced, and more than 600 houses flooded or damaged in the regions of Sava, Analanjirofo and Diana. The authorities reported that Sambava District received 300 mm of rain in 24 hours. Accessibility to this region is difficult in normal times and the road connecting it to the capital has been cut by the rain, which makes the arrival of aid very slow.[101] On April 3, the total was raised to 19 deaths, 3 people missing and at least 90,000 affected[102]

Other system[edit]

On 24 March, the remnants of Cyclone Neville entered the area of responsibility of Météo-France (MFR) after crossing the 90th meridian east from the Australian region. At the time, the system was assessed as a filling depression, with maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 75 km/h (45 mph) and a central atmospheric pressure of 1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg). Due to the decreased convective activity, it was agreed that the MFR would not provide official information on the system.[103] The cyclone's convective structure rapidly deteriorated, and Neville's LLLC soon became exposed, causing the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) to discontinue advisories.[104] Afterward, the system was last mentioned by the MFR while located approximately 1,371 kilometres (850 mi) to the west of Learmonth, Western Australia.[105]

Storm names[edit]

Within the South-West Indian Ocean, tropical and subtropical cyclones that are judged to have 10-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph) by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center on Réunion island, France (RSMC La Réunion) are usually assigned a name by the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centers in Mauritius and Madagascar. The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center (Mauritius Meteorological Services) in Mauritius names cyclones when they intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 55°E and 90°E, while the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center (Meteo Madagascar) in Madagascar names cyclones when they intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 30°E and 55°E. Storm names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with names used in the season being automatically removed. The new names this season are Alvaro, Belal, Candice, Djoungou, Eleanor, Filipo, Gamane, Hidaya, Ialy, and Jeremy which replaced Alicia, Bongoyo, Chalane, Danilo, Eloise, Faraji, Guambe, Habana, Iman, and Jobo in the 2020–21 season.[106]

  • Alvaro
  • Belal
  • Candice
  • Djoungou
  • Eleanor
  • Filipo
  • Gamane
  • Hidaya (unused)
  • Ialy (unused)
  • Jeremy (unused)
  • Kanga (unused)
  • Ludzi (unused)
  • Melina (unused)
  • Noah (unused)
  • Onias (unused)
  • Pelagie (unused)
  • Quamar (unused)
  • Rita (unused)
  • Solani (unused)
  • Tarik (unused)
  • Urilia (unused)
  • Vuyane (unused)
  • Wagner (unused)
  • Xusa (unused)
  • Yarona (unused)
  • Zacarias (unused)

If a tropical cyclone enters the South-West Indian basin from the Australian region basin (west of 90°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) or the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG). The following storms were named in this manner:

  • Anggrek

Season effects[edit]

This table lists all of the tropical and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2023–2024 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Réunion, however, death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency. The damage totals are given in 2023 or 2024 USD.

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
Alvaro 30 December – 3 January Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Mozambique, Madagascar Unknown 19 [107]
Belal 11 – 18 January Tropical cyclone 140 km/h (85 mph) 969 hPa (28.61 inHg) Mascarene Islands Unknown 6 [38][39][108][6][109]
Candice 22 – 27 January Severe tropical storm 95 km/h (60 mph) 985 hPa (29.09 inHg) Mauritius None None
Anggrek 25 – 30 January Intense tropical cyclone 185 km/h (115 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) None None None
05 28 January – 2 February Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) None None None
Djoungou 13 – 19 February Intense tropical cyclone 215 km/h (130 mph) 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) None None None
Eleanor 17 – 24 February Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 984 hPa (29.06 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion Unknown None [95]
Filipo 2 – 14 March Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 989 hPa (29.21 inHg) Madagascar, Mayotte, Mozambique, Eswatini, South Africa Unknown 2 [96]
Gamane 25 – 28 March Tropical cyclone 150 km/h (90 mph) 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Madagascar Unknown 19 [102][110]
Season aggregates
9 systems 30 December – Season ongoing 215 km/h (130 mph) 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) Unknown 46

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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