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Public journalism (also known as civic journalism) is the idea of integrating journalism into the democratic process. The media not only informs the public, but it also works towards engaging citizens and creating public debate. Going beyond the traditional journalistic practice of remaining neutral, public journalism allows the reporter to be apart of the political conversation.

Definition

In the 1920s, before the notion of public journalism was developed, there was the famous debate between Walter Lippmann and John Dewey over the role of journalism in a democracy. Lippmann viewed the role of the journalist to be simply recording what policy makers say and then providing that information to the public. "His reasoning behind this was that the public was not in a position to deconstruct the growing and complex flurry of information present in modern society, and so an intermediary was needed to filter news for the masses." In opposition to this, Dewey defined the journalist's role as being more engaged with the public and critically examining information given by the government. He thought journalists should weigh the consequences of the policies being enacted. Dewey believed conversation, debate, and dialogue were what democracy was all about and that journalism has an important piece of that conversation.

Decades later Dewey's argument was further explored by Jay Rosen and Davis Merritt, who were looking at the importance of the media in the democratic process. In 1993, Rosen and Merritt formed the concept of public journalism. In their joint "manifesto" on public journalism that was published in 1994, Rosen explains that "public journalism tries to place the journalist within the political community as a responsible member with a full stake in public life. But it does not deny the important difference between journalists and other actors including political leaders, interest groups and citizens themselves...In a word, public journalists want public life to work. In order to make it work they are willing to declare an end to their neutrality on certain questions - for example: whether a community comes to grips with its problems, whether political earns the attention it claims.”

Although they developed the concept of public journalism together, both Rosen and Merritt have differing viewpoints on what exactly public journalism is.

Rosen defines public journalism as "a way of thinking about the business of the craft that calls on journalists to (1) address people as citizens, potential participants in public affairs, rather than victims or spectators; (2) help the political community act upon, rather than just learn about, its problems; (3) improve the climate of public discussion, rather than simply watch it deteriorate; and (4) help make public life go well, so that it earns its claim on our attention and (5) speak honestly about its civic values, its preferred view of politics, its role as a public actor.” Rosen explains five ways to understand public journalism:

• As an argument, a way of thinking about what journalist should be doing, given their own predicament and general state of public life.
• As an experiment, a way of breaking out of established routines and making a different kind of contribution to public life.
• As a movement involving practicing journalists, former journalists who want to improve their craft, academics and researchers with ideas to lend and studies that might help, foundations and think tanks that gave financial assistance and sanctuary to the movement, and other like minded folk who wanted to contribute to the rising spirit of reform.
• As a debate with often heated conversation within the press and with others outside it about the proper role of the press.
• As an adventure, an open-ended and experimental quest for another kind of press.

Merritt on the other hand explains that it is the responsibility of the journalist to act as a fair-minded participant in the public arena. His famous analogy of the journalist having the same role as a sports referee best depicts this idea: "The function of a third party - a referee or umpire or judge - in sports competition is to facilitate the deciding of the outcome. Ideally, the official impinges on the game; if things go according to the rules, he or she is neither seen nor heard. Yet the presence of a fair-minded participant is necessary in order for an equitable decision to be reached. What he or she brings to the arena is knowledge of the agreed-upon rules, the willingness to contribute that knowledge, and authority - that is, the right to be attended to. The referee's role is to make sure that the process works as the contestants agreed it should. In order to maintain that authority, that right to be heard, the referee must exhibit no interest in the final score other than it is arrived at under the rules. But, both for referees and contestants, that is the ultimate interest. It is important to remember that the referee doesn't make the rules. Those are agreed on by the contestants - in this case, the democratic public. The referee, rather, is the fair-minded caretaker. What journalist should bring to the arena of public life is knowledge of the rules - how the public has decided a democracy should work and the ability and the willingness to provide relevant information and a lace fo rthat inofrmation to be discussed and turned into democratic consent. Like the referee, to maintain our authority - the right to be heard - we must exhibit no partisan interest in the specific outcome other than it is arrived at under the democratic process."

Structure

Usually formulated by a few devoted members in a newsroom, public journalism projects are typically associated with the opinion section of papers. Although, there are some papers that are devoted to investigative reporting and engaging in public debate, such as the Canadian newspaper the Toronto Star. These projects are usually found in the form of organized town meetings and adult education programs. The Public Journalism Network explains that "journalism and democracy work best when news, information and ideas flow freely; when news portrays the full range and variety of life and culture of all communities; when public deliberation is encouraged and amplified; and when news helps people function as political actors and not just as political consumers."

Examples of Public Journalsim

• Robert Cribb is an investigative reporter for the Canadian newspaper the Toronto Star. He has written several stories about modern slavery, irresponsible doctors, organized crime and corruption within government. Cribb is well known for his Dirty Dining series about the amount of health inspections that are conducted at Toronto restaurants and how that information is dealt with. This led to a disclosure policy in Toronto that requires restaurants to post the results of their health and safety inspections in their front windows, which is one of the first of its kind in Canada.

• American journalist Matt Taibbi has worked at a variety of news outlets, but because of his opinionated writing style he has been let go from a various news organizations, such as The eXile, the New York Press and The Beast. He currently works for Rolling Stone and Men's Journal reporting on politics, media, finance, and sports. In 2009, he wrote a highly publicized article called “The Great American Bubble Machine" exposing the historical corruption of Goldman Sachs since the Great Depression until today. He described Goldman Sachs as being "a great vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity, relentlessly jamming its blood funnel into anything that smells like money."

Key Proponents of Public Journalism

• Jay Rosen is a media critic, writer and professor of journalism at New York University. He is one of the main scholars that helped develop the concept of public journalism and has been influential in the public journalism movement. He published his book, What Are Journalists For? in 2001 that discusses the public journalism movement. He has a popular blog, Press Think, which discusses the practice of journalism.

• Davis "Buzz" Merritt, a former editor of The Wichita Eagle, is another pioneer of public journalism. Merritt is a key advocate for news media reforms. He began exploring public journalism after acknowledging loss of public trust in traditional journalistic values. Merritt feels that journalists need a clear understanding and appreciation for the interdependence of journalism and democracy. In a National Public Radio interview Merritt succinctly summed up public journalism as, "a set of values about the craft that recognizes and acts upon the interdependence between journalism and democracy. It values the concerns of citizens over the needs of the media and political actors, and conceives of citizens as stakeholders in the democratic process rather than as merely victims, spectators or inevitable adversaries. As inherent participants in the process, we should do our work in ways that aid in the resolution of public problems by fostering broad citizen engagement."

• James W Carey a media critic and a journalism instructor at Columbia University. He was an advocate for the public journalism movement. He saw it as a “reawakening of an antecedent tradition of journalism and politics, one that emphasizes local democracy, the community of locale, and citizenship as against the distant forces that would overwhelm it…public journalism performs a great service in reminding us what is work protecting.”

External links

• Press Think - Jay Rosen Blog
• Public Journalism Network
• [http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=1223 Citizen/Public
• Toronto Star articles by Robert Cribb
• Matt Taibbi's Rolling Stone Blog