William Larnach

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The Honourable
William James Mudie Larnach
CMG
Larnach around 1890
4th Minister of Mines
In office
5 January 1885 – 8 October 1887
Prime MinisterRobert Stout
Preceded byJames Macandrew
Succeeded byGeorge Richardson
4th Minister of Marine
In office
5 January 1885 – 9 August 1887
Prime MinisterRobert Stout
Preceded byGeorge Morris
Succeeded byJulius Vogel
14th Colonial Treasurer
In office
15 October 1877 – 5 March 1878
Prime MinisterGeorge Grey
Preceded byHarry Atkinson
Succeeded byJohn Ballance
Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Tuapeka
In office
9 July 1894 – 12 October 1898
Preceded byVincent Pyke
Succeeded byCharles Rawlins
Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Peninsula
In office
22 January 1883 – 5 December 1890
Preceded byJames Seaton
Succeeded byWilliam Earnshaw
Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for City of Dunedin
In office
20 December 1875 – 1 July 1878
Personal details
Born(1833-01-27)27 January 1833
Hunter Region, Australia
Died12 October 1898(1898-10-12) (aged 65)
Wellington, New Zealand
Cause of deathSuicide
Political partyLiberal Party (1894 – 1898)
Relatives
Known forLarnach Castle

William James Mudie Larnach CMG (27 January 1833 – 12 October 1898) was a New Zealand businessman and politician. He is known for his extravagant incomplete house near Dunedin called Larnach's castle by his opponents and now known as Larnach Castle. He is also remembered for his suicide within parliament buildings when faced with bankruptcy and consequent loss of his seat in parliament.

Early career[edit]

Larnach was born in the Hunter Region, north of Sydney, Australia, the son of John Larnach, a station owner and Emily daughter of James Mudie.[1] He was well-connected. For example his uncle Donald Larnach became a director of the Australian board of the Bank of New South Wales in 1846 and after his retirement to England became one of the leading financial authorities in the City of London.[2] Larnach was also a family friend of W. J. T. Clarke, said at that time to be the richest man in Australasia.[3] In his late twenties, after his 1859 marriage to Eliza Jane Guise, daughter of Richard Guise, Larnach joined the Bank of New South Wales. By 1867 he was their Geelong branch manager and after an extended holiday in Europe with his family he was picked by the London board of the Bank of Otago to replace their New Zealand manager. Larnach arrived in Dunedin in September 1867 and took up his new post.[4]

He soon became quite prosperous, gathering large amounts of money through land speculation, farming investments, and a timber business. Between 1873 and 1887, Larnach constructed a large mansion, on the ridge of Otago Peninsula. Originally named "The Camp" by Larnach, it is now known as "Larnach Castle". Larnach himself took up residence in 1874.[1] He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1879 Birthday Honours.[5]

Politics[edit]

New Zealand Parliament
Years Term Electorate Party
1875–1878 6th City of Dunedin Independent
1883–1884 8th Peninsula Independent
1884–1887 9th Peninsula Independent
1887–1890 10th Peninsula Independent
1894–1896 12th Tuapeka Liberal
1896–1898 13th Tuapeka Liberal

Larnach entered politics in 1875, standing in a by-election in the electorate of Caversham. On this occasion, he was defeated by his opponent, Robert Stout.[6] Several months later, however, he was elected to the City of Dunedin electorate.[7] In 1877, at the behest of his South Island colleagues, he introduced a successful no-confidence motion against Harry Atkinson, the Premier of the day. Under the new Premier, George Grey, Larnach was appointed Colonial Treasurer (now Minister of Finance).[8] He later undertook a long trip to England to arrange a government loan, although he also took advantage of the opportunity to launch a new business venture, the New Zealand Agricultural Company. Larnach's farming investments were turning sour due to the rabbit problems, and Larnach sought to sell his lands to British investors—this prompted considerable condemnation in New Zealand, as Larnach was seen as trying to deceive the British as to the quality of the investments. The New Zealand Agricultural Company was not a success, and the affair cost Larnach many friends and allies in New Zealand.[1]

With land prices falling and his timber company also suffering, Larnach's financial position was declining. Larnach became depressed, and withdrew from society. He is reported to have begun drinking heavily. He eventually became insolvent, although Larnach Castle and various other assets had been transferred to the ownership of his wife, Eliza, and were therefore spared. In 1880, his wife died, and Larnach married Mary Cockburn Alleyne, her half-sister, in 1882. She died in 1887, and in 1891, he married his third wife, Constance de Bathe Brandon. In 1888, he briefly attempted to restart his career in Melbourne, but returned to Dunedin within a year.[1]

In 1882, Larnach returned to politics, winning the Peninsula electorate in 1883.[7] He devoted considerable effort to seeking government assistance for the New Zealand Agricultural Company. In 1885, he became Minister of Mines in the second Stout–Vogel Ministry.[9] Larnach lost the 1890 election, but became a Member of Parliament again through the Tuapeka electorate in a 1894 by-election.[7] He affiliated himself with the Liberal Party, which was a somewhat surprising decision, given his associations with the business elite that the Liberals opposed.[1]

Suicide[edit]

The mausoleum of William Larnach and family, in Dunedin Northern Cemetery, New Zealand. a miniature replica of the First Church of Otago, it was designed by Robert Lawson.

In 1894, Larnach became a director of the Colonial Bank of New Zealand, having previously become a shareholder, but the Bank collapsed the following year leaving Larnach on the brink of financial ruin.[1]

In an explanation to Parliament on 25 October 1895 he said that being an interested party, he refrained from voting on banking legislation. But on that day he mistakenly voted for a third reading of the Banking Act Amendment Bill (which involved the Colonial Bank), thinking he was voting on the following bill, the Horowhenua Block Bill.[10]

In 1898, Larnach locked himself in a committee room at Parliament and shot himself with a revolver.[11] He died intestate and his surviving family fought a battle over his will.[12]

Owen Marshall wrote a novel The Larnachs (2011), based on the possibility that the tragedy resulted from an affair between Larnach's third wife Constance and his youngest son Douglas.[13]

Larnach is buried in the Dunedin Northern Cemetery. The family mausoleum is the cemetery's most imposing structure, and is a miniature replica of Robert Lawson's First Church.[14]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Sinclair, F.R.J. "Larnach, William James Mudie". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  2. ^ Larnach, Donald. The Dictionary of Australasian Biography
  3. ^ G. H. Scholefield, Larnach, William James Mudie. A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Wellington 1940. page 485
  4. ^ Otago Daily Times 12 September 1867 Page 3
  5. ^ "No. 24726". The London Gazette. 24 May 1879. pp. 3597–3598.
  6. ^ "Advertisements Column 2". The Southland Times. No. 2171. 23 August 1875. p. 2. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
  7. ^ a b c Scholefield 1950, p. 119.
  8. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 37.
  9. ^ Scholefield 1950, p. 39.
  10. ^ Hansard, 25 October 1895 page 683
  11. ^ "Suicide of Mr Larnach". Otago Daily Times. 13 October 1898.
  12. ^ "Early History". Larnach Castle & Gardens. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  13. ^ "The Larnachs". Penguin Books. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  14. ^ Smith, Charmian (8 July 2009). "Laying Larnach to rest". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 21 April 2023.

Works by Larnach[edit]

  • Larnach, William J. M. (1886), Report on the mining industry of New Zealand: being papers laid before Parliament during the session of 1886, Wellington, [N.Z.]: Government Printer
  • Larnach, William J. M. (1888), Privilege: Mr. Larnach, M.H.R. and the "New Zealand herald": debate in the House of Representatives on Tuesday 14th August 1888, Wellington, [N.Z.]: n.p.
  • Larnach, William J. M. (1896), The Colonial Bank of New Zealand in liquidation, Dunedin, [N.Z.]: Coulls, Culling & Co.

Works about Larnach[edit]

External links[edit]

New Zealand Parliament
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Peninsula
1883–1890 		Succeeded by
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