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Socialism in Vietnam[edit]
Socialism in Vietnam, along with Marxism-Leninism, is the ideological foundation for the Communist Party to develop the country ever since its establishment.
Socialism is one of three major political ideologies formed in the 19th century besides liberalism and conservatism. There are many varieties of socialism and there is no single definition encapsulating all of them. The most common element shared by various forms of socialism is the movement for public ownership.[1] [2]
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin affirmed the objective necessity of the transition period to socialism and pointed out its particular historical position and function in the process of mobilization and development of Communism socioeconomic forms. Historically, in many countries there have been existing state socialist systems known as communist states such as the Soviet Union, China, Vietnam, East Germany and Cuba…
According to Ho Chi Minh thoughts, "Socialism is about making people rich and powerful", “Socialism is to bring the people with freedom, prosperity, happiness, and chances of education, medical care, and good accommodation. Under socialism, children will be nurtured, and the elderly will be cared for.”[3] Ho Chi Minh also indicated that socialism is not a complete model but a constant formula, so building socialism must be practical, consistent with objective conditions, must uphold the Law and must know how to apply rules in a creative way, avoiding literal dogma, stereotypes.
History[edit]
"When the Soviet Union and its constellation of socialist countries existed, striving for socialism in Vietnam seemed logical and implicitly validated"[4], said Nguyen Phu Trong in a presentation while visiting Cuba in 2012. The model of socialism and the path to socialism in Vietnam cannot be outlined, describe in detail immediately in the beginning and cannot be done only once. Along with the movement and transformation of the present world, the practical process of building socialism has been the foundation to complement Vietnam Communist Party's perception of socialism, the model of socialism and the way to implement that model. Since determining the goal of advancing to socialism (in 1930), through nearly a century, the Vietnam Communist Party's awareness of socialism has been more and more improved. Through each stage, observing the reality of the country, accumulating experiences domestically and internationally, the Party has constantly studied, explored and selected appropriated theory and practice to develop the awareness of socialism more deeply and intrinsically.
· 1930 - 1945 - The stage of outlining the national liberation, moving towards socialism
From the point of view of the classics of Marxism-Leninism, there are two transitional paths to socialism. The first is a direct transition to socialism from high-level capitalist countries.[5] Marx argues that communism is an evolutionary step of human society based on the socioeconomic conditions created by capitalism rather than the result of imposing an economic model - politics to society. According to him, "Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality [will] have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence"[6]. The second path is the indirect transition to socialism in low-growth capitalist countries or pre-capitalist countries with the help of socialist countries. [5]This is the view of Lenin and Stalin
On the basis of using the theory of continuous revolution, about the transition period to the socialism of Marxism-Leninism and stemming from the characteristics of the actual situation of Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh proposed the strategic goal of the Vietnamese revolution was to achieve national independence and advance to socialism when founding the Communist Party of Vietnam (Feb-1930). The first Platform of the Party clearly states: The Vietnamese revolution must go through two stages, namely, the liberation of the nation, completing the national revolution of the people's democracy and then progress towards socialism[5]. These two revolutionary periods have dialectical relations with each other. Wanting to build socialism must first win national independence and proceeding to socialism would maintain national independence and build a prosperous, free and happy life for the people.
In the dissertation in October 1930, it was determined that the revolution of Vietnam could skip the period of developing capitalism, fighting directly on the socialist path. According to Ho Chi Minh, when entering the transition period to socialism, Vietnam has the biggest characteristic is that it is transiting to socialism from a backward agricultural country without having to go through the period of capitalist development. This characteristic would dominate others, expressed in all areas of social life and causes many conflicts. In particular, Ho Chi Minh pays special attention to the fundamental contradiction of the transition period, which is a conflict between the high development demand of the country in the progress and the fact that the socioeconomic situation in Vietnam is too low[5]. That's why the transition to Socialism is a complex, arduous and long-lasting revolution [7]. And the victory of the August 1945 revolution under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh was the first historical victory of Ho Chi Minh's thought about the revolutionary path of national liberation under the proletariat revolution. This victory opened up a new era of the Vietnamese nation - an era of independent freedom, people's democracy, moving toward socialism.
· 1945 - 1954 - The preparation stage toward socialism
At the Second Communist Party’s Congress (in 1951), through Truong Chinh's political report, he stated: "Vietnamese Revolution [...] must progress further to realize land reform and wipe out all vestiges of feudalism. In brief, the Vietnamese Revolution must fulfill both the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal tasks to realize independence, freedom and happiness for the people [...] to pave the way to the socialist revolution in the future "[8]. "It is a long-term struggle, in general goes through three stages: the first stage, the main task is the completion of national liberation; the second stage, the main task is to eliminate the remnants of the feudal and semi-feudal regimes, to thoroughly implement and improve the people's democratic regime; the third stage, the main task is to build the foundation for socialism, proceed to implement socialism ... These three stages are not separate, but intimately interconnected. And each stage has a central task that requires a concentration of large resource to implement".
· 1954 - 1975 - The period of building socialism in the North and revolutionary struggle in the South
In 1954, after the liberation of the North, the Party began the process of exploring and proposing views on the path to socialism and building socialism.
By the 3rd Congress (September 1960), the Party set out the way to socialist revolution in the North by simultaneously carrying out 3 revolutions: the revolution of production relationship, the revolution of science - technology and the revolution of ideology and culture. In which, the science - technology revolution is key and socialist industrialization is considered as a central task during the transition period, with the motto is to move fast, to move strong and to move steadily toward socialism.
In 1970, due to the effects of war and more awareness of the characteristics of the country, the Party adjusted their perception, setting out the initial step of the transition period with the main content of accumulating capital for industrialization and improvement of people's lives, shifting small production to large socialist production.
· 1975 - 1985 - The whole country begin building socialism
With the victory in the spring of 1975, the resistance against the American to save the nation (the Vietnam War) ended successfully. An era of brilliant development of the Vietnamese revolution has been opened: the era of national independence, unification and socialism. However, the construction of socialism is still a very difficult task. The problems of the transitional period on socialism in Vietnam have been focused by the National Communist Party from the reality of socialist revolution in Vietnam.
In September 1975, the conference of the 24th Central Executive Committee, Term III, the Party met to set out the task of completing the unification of the country, bringing the whole country quickly, strongly, firmly moving toward socialism. The resolution of the conference also raised the tasks of promoting the socialist revolution in the North and the immediate tasks in the South to quickly stabilize the situation, soon joined the North in the socialist revolutionary orbit.
The 4th Congress of the Party (December 1976) set out the national socialist revolution of the country, which decided to remove the content of the initial step with the expectation to complete the transition period within a five-year plan. In the 4th Congress, the Vietnam Revolutionary Dissertation was approved, which is the new political platform of the Party. From analyzing the nature of Vietnamese society in the war against France, the Party pointed out that the resistance against the French is the democratic national revolution, the task of anti-imperialist, liberating the nation is the focus, simultaneously conducting the task of anti-feudalism, winning democratic rights. But there must be a plan to carry out step by step the task of national liberation, including both the task of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal; the democratic national revolution conducted by the people under the leadership of the Party will evolve into a socialist revolution.
To the 5th Congress of the Party (March 1982), it was determined to fix the shortcomings of some subjective, impatient wills, as well as determined the duties of The Party is successfully building socialism, ready to fight and firmly defend the socialist Vietnam.
· 1986 - present - The period of innovation in awareness of socialism
The whole Party, from the central to local levels of committees, was step by step finding the way to innovate awareness of socialism. It is the period of incorporating innovative perspective and theoretical thinking about socialism and transitional periods with practical summaries to reach the reform path at the 6th National Congress of the Party (December 1986). The Congress pointed out the limitations, shortcomings, causes of limitations and weaknesses in the awareness of socialist society. Therefore, the 6th Congress of the Party is a very important development step in the awareness of socialism and transition to socialism in Vietnam. The organizational structure of the political system is gradually arranged in a more streamlined, efficient manner.
Along with the Political Report, the 1991 Platform to build the country during the transition period to socialism, Strategy of a stable socioeconomic development until 2000, is the fourth Platform of the Communist Party of Vietnam. The platform determines the transition to socialism in our country is a long process, through many stages of both construction and national defense, so we must master 7 basic steps. Which is: (i) Building the socialist Vietnam State of the people, by the people, for the people led by the Communist Party; (ii) implementing the industrialization of the country in the direction of modernization; (iii) setting up step by step the socialist production relations in line with the development of production forces, the development of a multi-sectoral commodity-oriented economy, operating under the supervised market mechanism; (iv) conducting socialist revolution in the field of ideology and culture according to Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh's thoughts; (v) practice the policy of national unity, foreign policy of peace, cooperation and friendship; (vi) combining two strategic tasks of building socialism and protecting the Nation of Vietnam; and (vii) building a transparent and strong Party in politics, ideology and organization on a mission to build the country into a prosperous socialist country.
Congress VIII (1996) of the Party said: "Our country has been out of the socioeconomic crisis, although there are still some unstable aspects ...". The congress also further developed the Platform to build the country during the transition period to socialism and affirmed: "The road to socialism in our country is increasingly defined more clearly," more clearly through the transitional stages in our country: “The task set out for the first stage of the transition period which is preparing the premise for industrialization has been basically completed to allow a transition to a new era of industrialization and modernization of the country ”.
By the 9th Party Congress (2001), the Party affirmed: "Socialism in the world, from lessons of success and failure as well as from aspirations and awakenings of the peoples, have the conditions and ability to create new developments. According to the evolutionary law of history, humankind will definitely advance to socialism". This is an important development reflecting a more fully and clearly perception of the Party on the path to socialism in Vietnam: National independence associated with socialism, rich people, strong countries, fair, civilized and democratic society. It also identifies that building socialism while ignoring capitalism regime creates a change in the quality of society in all fields which is a difficult and complicated calling, so it must inevitably go through a long transition period with many stages, many forms of transitional economic and social organizations. Regarding the general model, the Congress made a clear statement about the difference between capitalist market economy and socialist market economy on basic points such as purpose, economic sectors, management and distribution mode. In particular, affirming that the State's economy and management play an important role in the orientation of socioeconomic development toward socialism.
At the 10th Congress (2006), the awareness of the nature and characteristics of socialism has some new points compared to the 1991 Platform. The purpose of socialism is clearly defined and more specific. The characteristics of socialism, although there are changes in words, but essentially still retain the basic and add-in a new characteristic (with the socialist rule-of-law state of the people, by the people, for the people under the leadership of the Communist Party). This is an important addition to the nature of the socialist society that the Party and people build. Compared to the 1991 Platform, this awareness is more complete and more comprehensive.
The platform of national construction in the transition period to 1991 socialism depicted the model of socialism that the people built with six characteristics. The 10th Congress added to and developed the platform, making the model of socialism being built in Vietnam more comprehensive and more complete. The 10th Party Congress (2006) affirmed: "Awareness of socialism and a path to socialism in our country is becoming more and more clear." The congress has determined: The socialism that our people build is a society: (i) Rich people, strong countries, fair, democratic, civilized society; (ii) Owned by the people; (iii) There is a high level of economic development, based on modern production forces and production relations in line with the development level of production forces; (iv) There is an advanced culture, strong national identity; (v) People are liberated from oppression, injustice, have a full life, freedom, happiness, comprehensive development; (vi) Ethnic groups in the Vietnamese community are equal, united, supportive and help each other to progress; (vii) There is a rule of law of socialism by the people, by the people, for the people under the leadership of the Communist Party; (viii) Having friendly and cooperative relations with people of all countries in the world.
By the 11th Party Congress (2011) summarized 20 years of implementing the 1991 Platform, through the Platform of national construction during the transition to socialism (Supplement and development in 2011). The Politburo of the Term 11 advocated a review of 30 years of innovation to further clarify the theoretical and practical issues of the renovation process. The consistent awareness of the Party, the State and the people of Vietnam is that innovation has increasingly shed light on issues of socialism and transition to socialism in Vietnam. After more than a quarter of a century of renovation, the Communist Party of Vietnam has constantly added, developed the way, set out the Platform for building the country during the transition period to socialism at the 7th Congress (June 1991) and supplemented and developed at the XI Congress (July 2011). With the right direction of innovation and credibility, together with the active, abundant and creative activities of the whole Party and the people, the renovation has achieved great achievements of historical significance. One of those achievements is the awareness of socialism and the path to socialism is becoming more and more clear.
References[edit]
- ^ Busky, Donald F (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1.
- ^ Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino (2011). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications. p. 2456. ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nguyen, Trong Phuc (May 17, 2018). "Ho Chi Minh thought illuminates Vietnam's revolutionary road forever". National Defence Journal.
- ^ Nguyen, Phu Trong (30 December 2012). "Socialism and the Path to Socialism-Vietnam's Perspective" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d Giáo trình tư tưởng Hồ Chí Minh: dùng cho hệ cao cấp lý luận (in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Chính trị quốc gia. 2004.
- ^ Karl Marx; Friedrich Engels (2011). The German Ideolody. Martino Fine Books. ISBN 9781614270485.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hồ Chí Minh: Toàn tập, Tập 9 (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Chính trị quốc gia. 2000. p. 2.
- ^ Truong, Chinh (1958). The August Revolution. Hanoi: Foreign Language Publishing House.
Category:History of Vietnam Category:Politics of Vietnam Category:Political history of Vietnam