User:Mr. Ibrahem/Pentobarbital

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Not to be confused with phenobarbital or sodium pentothal.

Mr. Ibrahem/Pentobarbital
Clinical data
Trade namesNembutal, others
Other namesPentobarbitone
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682416
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
Routes of
administration		By mouth, IV, IM, rectal; also intraperitoneal & intracardiac (for animal euthanasia)
Drug classBarbiturate[1]
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability70–90% (by mouth); 90% (rectal)
Protein binding20–45%
MetabolismLiver
Onset of action< 1 min (IV), < 25 min (IM)[1]
Elimination half-life15–48 hours
Duration of action15 min (IV)[1]
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
  • 5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC11H18N2O3
Molar mass226.276 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1(C(C)CCC)CC
  • InChI=1S/C11H18N2O3/c1-4-6-7(3)11(5-2)8(14)12-10(16)13-9(11)15/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3,(H2,12,13,14,15,16) checkY
  • Key:WEXRUCMBJFQVBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Pentobarbital is a medication that has been used for status epilepticus, acute agitation, short term management of trouble sleeping, surgery, and to put someone in a coma.[1] It is used by injection into a muscle or vein.[1] The by mouth formulation has been discontinued in the United States.[2] Onset is within a minute when given into a vein and within 25 minutes when into a muscle.[1] When given into a vein effects last about 15 minutes.[1]

Common side effects include sleepiness, vomiting, and headache.[1] Severe side effects include delirium, abuse, respiratory arrest, and anaphylaxis.[1] Use is not recommended in pregnancy.[1] It is in the barbiturate family of medications.[1] It works by increasing the activity of GABA in the brain.[1]

Pentobarbital came into medical use in the United States in 1930 by John Lundy.[3] They were widely misused in the 1970s and known as "yellow jackets" due to their color.[4] It is used for veterinary euthanasia and some US states for executions of criminals.[5][6] The death of Marilyn Monroe in 1962 was due to an overdose of pentobarbital and chloral hydrate.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Pentobarbital Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  2. ^ Administration, Food and Drug. Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations - FDA Orange Book 32nd Edition (2012): FDA Orange Book 32nd Edition (2012). DrugPatentWatch.com. p. PR736. ISBN 978-1-934899-82-3. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  3. ^ Lamberth, Clemens; Dinges, Jürgen (2012). Bioactive Heterocyclic Compound Classes: Pharmaceuticals. John Wiley & Sons. p. PA30. ISBN 978-3-527-66447-4. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  4. ^ Caroline, Nancy L.; Elling, Bob (2007). Nancy Caroline's Emergency Care in the Streets, Volume 2. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. SA33-PA17. ISBN 978-0-7637-4239-3. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  5. ^ "Why the Justice Department's Plan to Use a Single Drug for Lethal Injections Is Controversial". Time. 2019. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  6. ^ "What Happens When You Put Your Pet to Sleep?". WebMD. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  7. ^ "New Chapter in the Mystery of Marilyn: Her Own Words?". Los Angeles Times. 5 August 2005. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
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