User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hodgkin lymphoma

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Hodgkin lymphoma
Other namesHodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease[1]
Micrograph showing Hodgkin lymphoma (Field stain)
SpecialtyHematology and oncology
SymptomsFever, night sweats, weight loss, non-painful enlarged lymph nodes[2]
Risk factorsEpstein–Barr virus, family history, HIV/AIDS[2][3]
Diagnostic methodLymph node biopsy[2]
TreatmentChemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant[4]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate 86% (USA)[5]
Frequency574,000 (affected during 2015)[6]
Deaths23,900 (2015)[7]

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of lymphoma in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cells called lymphocytes.[8] Symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and weight loss.[2] Often there will be non-painful enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin.[2] Those affected may feel tired or be itchy.[2]

There are two major types of Hodgkin lymphoma: classical Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.[5] About half of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma are due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and these are generally the classic form.[3][9] Other risk factors include a family history of the condition and having HIV/AIDS.[2][3] Diagnosis is by finding Hodgkin cells such as multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells (RS cells) in lymph nodes.[2] The virus-positive cases are classified as a form of the Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases.[10]

Hodgkin lymphoma may be treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplant.[4] The choice of treatment often depends on how advanced the cancer has become and whether or not it has favorable features.[4] In early disease, a cure is often possible.[11] The percentage of people who survive five years in the United States is 86%.[5] For those under the age of 20, rates of survival are 97%.[12] Radiation and some chemotherapy drugs, however, increase the risk of other cancers, heart disease, or lung disease over the subsequent decades.[11]

In 2015, about 574,000 people globally had Hodgkin lymphoma, and 23,900 (4.2%) died.[6][7] In the United States, 0.2% of people are affected at some point in their life.[5] The most common age of diagnosis is between 20 and 40 years old.[5] It was named after the English physician Thomas Hodgkin, who first described the condition in 1832.[11][13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. OCLC 23245604. PMID 23245604.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version". NCI. August 3, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 2.4. ISBN 978-928320429-9.
  4. ^ a b c "Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version". NCI. August 3, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Hodgkin Lymphoma". NCI. April 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  6. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Bower, Mark; Waxman, Jonathan (2011). Lecture Notes: Oncology (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 195. ISBN 978-1118293003. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  9. ^ Grewal, Ravnit; Irimie, Alexandra; Naidoo, Nasheen; Mohamed, Nooroudien; Petrushev, Bobe; Chetty, Manogari; Tomuleasa, Ciprian; Abayomi, Emmanuel-Akinola (2018-01-09). "Hodgkin's lymphoma and its association with EBV and HIV infection". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 55 (2): 102–114. doi:10.1080/10408363.2017.1422692. ISSN 1040-8363. PMID 29316828.
  10. ^ Rezk SA, Zhao X, Weiss LM (September 2018). "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoid proliferations, a 2018 update". Human Pathology. 79: 18–41. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.020. PMID 29885408.
  11. ^ a b c Armitage JO (August 2010). "Early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (7): 653–62. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1003733. PMID 20818856.
  12. ^ Ward E, DeSantis C, Robbins A, Kohler B, Jemal A (2014). "Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014". Ca. 64 (2): 83–103. doi:10.3322/caac.21219. PMID 24488779.
  13. ^ Hodgkin T (1832). "On some morbid experiences of the absorbent glands and spleen". Med Chir Trans. 17: 69–97.
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