User:Mr. Ibrahem/Dextroamphetamine

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Mr. Ibrahem/Dextroamphetamine
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˌdɛkstroʊæmˈfɛtəmiːn/
Trade namesDexedrine, DextroStat, Metamina, Attentin, Zenzedi, others
Other namesD-amphetamine, dexamfetamine, dexamphetamine, (S)-amphetamine, (+)-amphetamine, dexamfetamine sulfate
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa605027
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Dependence
liability		Moderate-high[1][2]
Addiction
liability		Moderate-high[1][2]
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classAmphetamine[3]
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityBy mouth: 75–100%[4]
Protein binding15–40%[5]
MetabolismCYP2D6,[7] DBH,[13] FMO3[14]
Onset of actionIR dosing: 0.5–1.5 hours[6]
Elimination half-life9–11 hours[7][8]
pH-dependent: 7–34 hours[9]
Duration of actionIR dosing: 3–6 hours[10][11]
XR dosing: 8–12 hours[2][10][11]
ExcretionKidney (45%);[12] urinary pH-dependent
Identifiers
  • (2S)-1-Phenylpropan-2-amine
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC9H13N
Molar mass135.210 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Density0.913 g/cm3
Boiling point201.5 °C (394.7 °F)
Solubility in water20 mg/mL (20 °C)
  • C[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)N
  • InChI=InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3/t8-/m0/s1 ☒N
  • Key:KWTSXDURSIMDCE-QMMMGPOBSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Dextroamphetamine (D-AMP), also known as dexamfetamine, is a medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.[15] While it has been used sort term for obesity, such use is no longer recommended.[3] It is taken by mouth.[15] It has also been used to improved job performance, athletic performance, and by military forces.[18]

Common side effects include stomach pain, trouble sleeping, palpitations, high blood pressure, anxiety, tremor, and diarrhea.[3] Other side effects may include cardiomyopathy, abuse, psychosis, aggression, and seizures.[3] Use in pregnancy may result in prematurity in the baby.[3] It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and isomer of amphetamine.[3]

Dextroamphetamine came into medical use in 1937.[19] It is available as a generic medication.[15] In the United Kingdom 30 tablets of 20 mg costs the NHS about £80 as of 2021.[15] In the United States this amount costs about 60 USD.[20] In the United States it is a Schedule II controlled substance.[21]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Stahl SM (March 2017). "Amphetamine (D,L)". Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology (6th ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–51. ISBN 9781108228749. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  2. ^ a b c Stahl SM (March 2017). "Amphetamine (D)". Prescriber's Guide: Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology (6th ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–44. ISBN 9781108228749. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Dextroamphetamine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  4. ^ "Pharmacology". Dextromphetamine. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2013. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Pharmacology". Amphetamine. University of Alberta. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Green-Hernandez, Carol; Singleton, Joanne K.; Aronzon, Daniel Z. (1 January 2001). Primary Care Pediatrics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 243. ISBN 9780781720083. Archived from the original on 23 May 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  7. ^ a b "HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  8. ^ "Adderall IR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. October 2015. pp. 1–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  9. ^ "AMPHETAMINE". Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ^ a b c Millichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". In Millichap JG (ed.). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD (2nd ed.). New York, USA: Springer. p. 112. ISBN 9781441913968.
    Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication
    Dexedrine [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–6 h] ...
    Adderall [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–7 h]
    Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] ...
    Adderall XR [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h]
    Vyvanse [Peak:3–4 h] [Duration:12 h]
  11. ^ a b Mignot EJ (October 2012). "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics. 9 (4): 739–752. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655.
  12. ^ "dextrostat (dextroamphetamine sulfate) tablet [Shire US Inc.]". DailyMed. Wayne, PA: Shire US Inc. August 2006. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  13. ^ Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito W (2013). Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 648. ISBN 978-1609133450. Alternatively, direct oxidation of amphetamine by DA β-hydroxylase can afford norephedrine.
  14. ^ Krueger, SK; Williams, DE (June 2005). "Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism". Pharmacology & therapeutics. 106 (3): 357–87. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001. PMID 15922018.
  15. ^ a b c d e BNF 81: March-September 2021. BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. 2021. p. 370. ISBN 978-0857114105.
  16. ^ "Dexedrine, ProCentra(dextroamphetamine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". reference.medscape.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2015. Onset of action: 1–1.5 hr
  17. ^ Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL (September 2008). "Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Postgrad. Med. 120 (3): 69–88. doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909. PMID 18824827. S2CID 31791162. Onset of efficacy was earliest for d-MPH-ER at 0.5 hours, followed by d, l-MPH-LA at 1 to 2 hours, MCD at 1.5 hours, d, l-MPH-OR at 1 to 2 hours, MAS-XR at 1.5 to 2 hours, MTS at 2 hours, and LDX at approximately 2 hours. ... MAS-XR, and LDX have a long duration of action at 12 hours postdose
  18. ^ Miller, Richard Lawrence (2002). The Encyclopedia of Addictive Drugs. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-313-31807-8. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  19. ^ Cutler, Janis; Marcus, Eric (28 April 2010). Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. p. 569. ISBN 978-0-19-970682-2. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  20. ^ "Dextroamphetamine Prices, Coupons & Savings Tips - GoodRx". GoodRx. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  21. ^ "DailyMed - DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE tablet". dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
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