User:Cornsnek/sandbox/Purépecha Empire
Purépecha Empire Iréchikwa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c.1300–1530 | |||||||
 | |||||||
| Capital | Patzcuaro Tzintzuntzan | ||||||
| Common languages | Purépecha | ||||||
| Religion | Polytheism | ||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||
| Irecha | |||||||
• 1300–1350 (first) | Tariácuri | ||||||
• 1520–1530 (last) | Tangáxuan II | ||||||
| History | |||||||
• Established | c.1300 | ||||||
| 1530 | |||||||
| Area | |||||||
| 1450[1] | 75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi) | ||||||
| Population | |||||||
• 1519[2] | 1,500,000 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Today part of | Mexico | ||||||
The Purépecha Empire, also known by the term Iréchikwa, was a polity in pre-Columbian Mexico. Its territory roughly covered the geographic area of the present-day Mexican state of Michoacán, as well as parts of Jalisco, Guerrero and Guanajuato. At the time of the Spanish conquest, it was the second-largest state in Mesoamerica.[3]
The empire was founded in the early 14th century and lost its independence to the Spanish in 1530. In 1543 it officially became the governorship of Michoacán, from the Nahuatl exonym for the Purépecha Empire, Michhuahcān from michin ("fish"), -huah ("possessor of"), and -cān ("place of") and means "place of fishers."
The Purépecha empire was constituted of a network of tributary systems and gradually became increasingly centralized, under the control of the ruler of the state called the Irecha. Its capital was located at Tzintzuntzan on the banks of Lake Pátzcuaro, and, according to Purépecha oral tradition was founded by the first Irecha Tariácuri and dominated by his lineage, the Wakusïcha ("Eagles" in Purépecha language). The largest city before the inception of the empire may have been Angamuco, extensive ruins of which were discovered in 2012 using LiDAR technology.
The Purépecha Empire was contemporary with and an enemy of the Aztec Empire, against which it fought many wars. The Purépecha Empire blocked Aztec expansion to the northwest, fortifying and patrolling their frontiers with the Aztecs, possibly developing the first truly territorial state of Mesoamerica.[what]
The Purépecha had many cultural traits distinct from those of others in Mesoamerica, and their language, an isolate, has been the subject of much debate to whether or not it is within the Mesoamerican linguistic area. They are particularly noteworthy for being among the few Mesoamerican peoples to use metal for tools, and even weapons,[4] though others used metal axeheads too, even as currency.
Terminology[edit]
The word "Purépecha" in modern usage is the Hispanicized form of the then and still used term "P'orhépicha", meaning "commoner/s" in the Purépecha language. The term is derived from the root "P'orhe-", meaning "to visit" or "to go", alluding to strolling of the people to and from their daily duties. Another word by which the Purépecha people have been called is "Tarascan", from Spanish "Tarasco" derived from the Purépecha word "Tarhaskwa", meaning "parent-in-law/child-in-law". This term is pejorative to the Purépecha when not used in it's correct definition.
The entity was first referred to as Michhuacān or Mechuacán[5], from the Nahuatl michhuah (possessor of fish), and -cān (place of), "place of fishers". In later years, Spanish chroniclers and writers began using the term Tarascan for both the P'urhepecha and their state, though it was until very recently that the word entered general academia and specifically english-language texts. The word has a disputed etymology and is considered a slur by the community.
Recently, the word Iréchikwa (meaning kingdom) combined with the capital city at the time has been used to describe the state. Along with this, Purépecha kingdom and variations therefrom have also surged as a means to describe the entity, particularly referring to the later stage of it when its capital was in Tzintzuntzan.
Ethnic groups[edit]
The empire included different groups, primarily Purépecha people and additionally Matlazincas, Tecos, Mazahuas, Otomíes, Chontales and Nahua peoples.[6]Cite error: The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page).
The people of the Iréchikwa were mostly of Purépecha ethnic affiliation but also included other ethnic groups such as the Nahua, Otomi, Matlatzinca and various Chichimec peoples. These ethnic groups were gradually assimilated into the Purépecha majority group.
Geography and lithic occupation[edit]
The territory that would eventually form the setting of the Purepecha empire is the high volcanic region constituting the western extension of the Mexican Mesa Central, in between two large rivers: the Lerma and Balsas Rivers. Including temperate, subtropical and tropical climate zones, it is dominated by Cenozoic volcanic mountains and lake basins above 2000 meters (6500 feet) altitude, but also includes lower land in the southwestern coastal regions. Most common soil types in the central plateau are young volcanic andosols, luvisols and less fertile acrisols. The vegetation is mainly pine, pine-oak and fir. Human occupation has focused on the lake basins, which are abundant in resources. In the north, near the Lerma river, there are obsidian resources and thermal springs. The Iréchikwa was centered around the Lake Pátzcuaro basin.
History of the Iréchikwa[edit]
Early archaeological evidence[edit]
The Purepecha area has been inhabited at least since the early Pre-classic period. Early lithic evidence from before 2500 BC, like fluted points and stone utensils are found at some megafauna kill sites. The earliest radio-carbon dates of archeological sites fall around 1200 BC. The best known early Pre-classic culture of Michoacán was the Chupícuaro culture. Most Chupícuaro sites are found on lake islands which can be seen as a sign of it having traits relating it to the later Purepecha cultural patterns. In the early Classic period, ballcourts and other artifacts demonstrate a Teotihuacan influence in the Michoacán region.
Ethnohistorical sources[edit]
The most useful ethnohistorical source has been the Relación de Michoacán,[7] written around 1540 by the Franciscan priest Fray Jeronimo de Acalá, containing translated and transcribed narratives from Purepecha noblemen. This Relación contains parts of the "official Tarascan history" as carried down through oral tradition: one part focuses on Purepecha state religion, the second on Purepecha society, and the last on Purepecha history and the Spanish conquest. Unfortunately the first part is only partly preserved. Other sources include a number of small pictorial manuscripts, the best known being the Lienzo de Jucutacuto.[citation needed]
Foundation[edit]
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In the late classic at least two non-Purépecha ethnic groups lived around Lake Pátzcuaro: Nahuatl speakers in Jarácuaro, and some Chichimecan cultures on the northern banks, with the Nahua population being the second largest.
According to the Relación de Michoacán a visionary leader of the Purépecha named Tariácuri decided to gather the communities around Lake Pátzcuaro into one strong state. Around 1300 he undertook the first conquests and installed his sons Hiripan and Tangáxoan as lords of Ihuatzio and Tzintzuntzan respectively, himself ruling from Pátzcuari city. By the death of Taríacuri (around 1350), his lineage was in control of all the major centers around Lake Pátzcuaro. His son Hiripan continued the expansion into the area surrounding Lake Cuitzeo.
Hiripan and later his brother Tangáxuan I began to institutionalize the tributary system and consolidate the political unity of the empire. They created an administrative bureaucracy and divided responsibilities of and tributes from the conquered territories between lords and nobles. In the following years first the sierra and then the Balsas River was incorporated into the increasingly centralized state.
Expansion and conflict with the Triple Alliance[edit]
Under the rule of Tzitzipandáquare, a number of regions were conquered, only to be lost again by rebellions or strategic retreats when confronted with Aztec expansion. In 1460 the Iréchikwa reached the Pacific coast at Zacatula, advanced into the Toluca Valley, and advanced to the north of the Lerma river into the present day state of Guanajuato. In the 1470s, the Triple Alliance, led by tlahtoani Axayacatl captured a series of frontier settlements and closed in on the Purepecha heartland, but were eventually defeated in the battle of Taximaroa. This experience prompted the Purepecha ruler to further fortify the Aztec frontier with military centers along the border, such as at Cutzamala. He also resettled Otomi, Matlatzinca and Mazahua refugees from these wars to settle in the border area[8] and in Xalixco[9] under the condition that they took part in the defense of the Purepecha lands. From 1480 the Aztec ruler Ahuizotl intensified the conflict with the Iréchikwa. He supported attacks on Purepecha lands by other ethnic groups allied with or subjugated to the Aztecs such as Matlatzincas, Chontales, and Cuitlatecs. The Purepecha, led by the Zuangua, repelled the attacks but further Purepecha expansion was halted until the arrival of the Spaniards two years into the rule of the last irecha of an independent Iréchikwa, Tangáxuan II.
Between 1480 and 1510, the Iréchikwa occupied parts of present day Colima and Jalisco in order to secure Nitratine (Chile saltpeter) mines in the region. Throughout the occupation, the people's of Colima, Sayula, Zapotlán, Tapalpa, and Autlán resisted Purepecha rule in the Saltpeter War. By the end of the 30 year long occupation, the Iréchikwa was forced out of the area permanently.
Fall of the Iréchikwa[edit]
After hearing about the fall of the Aztec Empire, Tangáxuan II sent emissaries to the Spanish victors. A few Spaniards went with them to Tzintzuntzan where they were presented to the ruler and gifts were exchanged. They returned with samples of gold and Cortés' interest in the Iréchikwa was awakened. In 1522 a Spanish force under the leadership of Cristóbal de Olid was sent into Purepecha territory and arrived at Tzintzuntzan within days. The Purepecha army numbered many thousands, perhaps as many as 100,000[citation needed], but at the crucial moment they chose not to fight.[6] Tangáxuan submitted to the Spanish administration, but for his cooperation was allowed a large degree of autonomy. This resulted in a strange arrangement where both Cortés and Tangáxuan considered themselves rulers of Michoacán for the following years: the population of the area paid tribute to them both. When the Spanish found out that Tangáxuan was still de facto ruler of his empire but only supplied the Spanish with a small part of the resources extracted from the population they sent the ruthless conquistador Nuño de Guzmán, who allied himself with a Purepecha noble, Don Pedro Panza Cuinierángari, and the irecha was executed[note 1] on February 14, 1530.[10][11][12][6] A period of violence and turbulence began. During the next decades Purepecha puppet rulers were installed by the Spanish government, but when Nuño de Guzman had been disgraced and recalled to Spain, Bishop Vasco de Quiroga was sent to the area to clean up.
Metallurgy[edit]
West states, "The Tarascans and their neighbors near the Pacific coast were the foremost metallurgists of pre-Conquest Mexico." This included copper, silver and gold, where Michoacán and Colima provided placer gold, Tamazula provided silver, and the La Huacana area provided copper. Copper-silver alloy artefacts found in the palaces and graves of Tzintzuntzan include rodelas, armlets, bracelets and cups. Copper bells made from lost-wax casting were used in religious ceremonies from 650 AD to at least 1200. This was followed by copper-gold and copper-silver items such as discs, bracelets, diadems and masks. Other items were made from bronze, including needles, fishhooks, tweezers, axeheads, and awls. The religious national treasures were looted by the Spanish during the Conquest from Lake Patzcuaro graves and storerooms.[13]
It has been speculated that Purepecha metallurgy was developed due to contact with South American cultures.[14]
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Blanford, Adam Jared (2014). "Rethinking Tarascan Political and Spatial Organization" (PDF). Anthropology Graduate Theses & Dissertations. University of Colorado Boulder: 6. S2CID 147339315. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-13. Retrieved 2020-07-03.
By A.D. 1450, the Tarascan Uacúsecha were leaders of an empire that spanned 75,000 square kilometers of west Mexico
- ^ "Welcome to The Human Past – Student Study Guide Website".
- ^ "Julie Adkins, "Mesoamerican Anomaly? The Pre-Conquest Tarascan State", Robert V. Kemper, Faculty papers, Southern Methodist University. On line". smu.edu. Archived from the original on 19 December 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- ^ Malmstrom, Vincent H. (1 January 1995). "Geographical Origins of the Tarascans". Geographical Review. 85 (1): 31–40. doi:10.2307/215553. JSTOR 215553.
- ^ Catherine Fountain (2017). "Naming Languages and Naming People: Ethnonyms and Ethnonymics in Missionary Works from New Spain". Textos, imágenes y símbolos : lengua y cultura en la América virreinal : en homenaje a Claudia Parodi. pp. 103–125. ISBN 9783954876884.
- ^ a b c Pollard, Helen Perlstein (1993). Taríacuri's Legacy: The Prehispanic Tarascan State. The Civilization of the American Indian series, vol. 209. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-2497-1. OCLC 26801144.
- ^ Relación de Michoacán, complete text (in Spanish)
- ^ Martínez de Verduzco, Juan; Anonymous (1579). Acuña, René (ed.). Relación de Taimeo (in Spanish) (2nd ed.) (published 2017).
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Kelly, Isabel Truesdell (1945). The archaeology of the Autlán-Tuxcacuesco area of Jalisco. University of California Press. pp. 10–18. OCLC 1244217587.
- ^ David Marley (2008). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-59884-100-8.
- ^ James Krippner-Martínez (1 November 2010). Rereading the Conquest: Power, Politics, and the History of Early Colonial Michoac‡n, Mexico, 1521–1565. Penn State Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-271-03940-4.
- ^ Bernardino Verástique (1 January 2010). Michoacán and Eden: Vasco de Quiroga and the Evangelization of Western Mexico. University of Texas Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-292-77380-6.
- ^ West, Robert. Early Silver Mining in New Spain, 1531–1555 (1997). Bakewell, Peter (ed.). Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 45–48, 58–59.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Anawalt, Patricia Rieff. "Ancient Cultural Contacts between Ecuador, West Mexico, and the American Southwest: Clothing Similarities." Latin American Antiquity 3, no. 2 (1992): 121.
- Pollard, Helen Perlstein (2003). "El gobierno del estado tarascano prehispanico". In Carlos Paredes Martínez; Marta Terán (eds.). Autoridad y gobierno indígena en Michoacán: ensayos a través de su historia. Colección Investigaciones series (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Zamora, Mexico: Colegio de Michoacán. pp. 49–60. ISBN 978-970-679-121-4. OCLC 55237579.
- Silverstein, Jay (2001). "The southeastern extent of Tarascan imperialism". Abstract of a paper presented at the 100th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Warren, J. Benedict (1963). "The Caravajal Visitation: First Spanish Survey of Michoacán". Americas. 19 (4): 404–412. doi:10.2307/979507. JSTOR 979507.
- ——— (1985). The Conquest of Michoacán: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 1521–1530. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
- ——— (1970–1971). "Fray Jerónimo de Alcalá: Author of the Relación de Michoacán?". 27, Americas: 307–327.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Weaver, Muriel Porter (1993). The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica (3rd ed.). San Diego, California: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-739065-9. OCLC 25832740.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- Tarascan Civilization – World History Encyclopedia
- Smu.edu: Article about the Tarascan state — by Julie Adkins.
* Category:Mesoamerican cultures Category:Pre-Columbian cultures Category:History of Michoacán Category:History of Guanajuato Category:History of Guerrero Category:History of Jalisco Category:14th century in Mexico Category:15th century in Mexico Category:16th century in Mexico Category:States and territories established in the 14th century Category:14th-century establishments in Mexico Category:States and territories disestablished in 1530 Category:1530s disestablishments in Mexico Category:1530 in New Spain Category:16th-century disestablishments in New Spain