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Desert City
Echinocactus grusonii specimens in Desert City.
Type	botanical garden
Location	San Sebastián de los Reyes, Community of Madrid Spain.
Nearest town	Fuente del Fresno, Madrid
Coordinates	40°35′56″N 3°34′56.6″W
Area	16,000 m² nursery and 6000 m² botanical garden
Created	April 28, 2017
Owned by	private
Operated by	private
Status	Open all year
Website	desertcity.es

Desert City is a plant nursery and botanical garden specialized in the cultivation and sale of xerophytic plants from the five continents, with over 600 species on display. It exhibit and disseminate cacti and also succulents and native plants of the Mediterranean region. It is Europe’s largest cactus garden. Desert City has remarkable plant greenhouse and garden, which architectural design won numerous awards.

History

Desert City is a brain child of Jacobo García-Germán, an Madrileño architect, and Mercedes García, a former pharmaceuticals executive. Together with dedicated team they created a biotechnological nursery specialized in xeriscaping. It is well equipped to conduct research, cultivation, exhibit and promulgate knowledge about cacti and other xerophytic plants. Tourists can enjoy a large botanical garden of about 6000 m², with more than 600 species, including plants native to the Community of Madrid.

The garden

Desert City landscape.

The garden combines the aesthetic elements of the natural landscapes of the arid and semi-arid areas of the planet such as cacti with native plants of a Mediterranean climate, like lavender, rosemary and others. It vast collection includes tiny Blossfeldia liliputana, which stands just 12-16 mm, and giant Saguaro, which stands nearly 50 feet in height. It is literally cacti museum. The garden is divided into 5 main thematic areas:

• Arizona, is the center of attention of the public eye. Highlights of this garden are cacti of various shapes, colors and textures assembled in a harmonious set. Three hills dominate this space, culminating at its apex with columnar-type cacti of different species and origins.
• Oasis, a recreational environment that welcomes the desert walker in search of refuge. The palm forest, the birds nesting in their canopies and the water sliding down the stones offer delight and relaxation. All exhibition elements have been designed to create atmosphere of seclusion.
• Taverns, a minimalist space that breaks with the organic aesthetics of the rest of the garden. The orthogonal line of water limits the garden space and creates a transitional link between the two design concepts. Cleistocactus, Echinopsis, Cephalocereus and other small xerophytes contrast with the black ground cover. The reflections of the plants in the polished sheets of cover provide fugitive effects of light at dawn. The mysticism of the golden ratio designed to intrigue the tourists on the walkway and adds symbolism to this welcoming space.
• Tuscany, is a reinterpretation of the Italian stately garden. In it species, associated with Italy, such as olive, pomegranate, myrtle, tamarix or lavender are mixed with others of Mexican origin such as yuccas, dasylirions, opuntias, agaves as well as many other species of varied origins. This space is characterized by the abundance and diversity of blooms, strong aromas and a singular beauty that produces the interbreeding of xerophytic species from different environments. Pale gravel, used as a cover, is complemented by the dark greens of the Mediterranean.
• Guajira, located under the walkway that crosses the garden, has a diversity of cacti, xerophytic Mediterranean species and plants popular in classic gardening.

Location

Desert City is located on the A1 highway, km 25, service road towards Madrid. In San Sebastián de los Reyes, Community of Madrid Spain.

Its opening hours during the winter months are Monday to Friday from 10:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m., Saturday, Sunday and holidays from 10:00 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. During the summer months it is from Monday to Friday from 10:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Saturday, Sunday and holidays from 10:00 a.m. to 9:30 p.m.

The botanical garden, freely accessible, has an indicated and accessible route designed to accommodate the visit of individuals and guided visits of schools, town halls or institutions. Free guided tours are held in the garden on weekends and holidays (11:00 am, 12:00 pm and 1:00 pm). Tour reservations are available via email.

See also

• Xeriscape
• Xeriscaping
• Rainfed agriculture

Bibliography

1. (in Spanish) CONABIO Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. Capital Natural de México 2009
2. Dr. Leonard P. Perry Northern Drought Resistant Plants University of Vermont OH 73
3. Foster, Robert C. A Catalogue of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of Bolivia Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, no. 184, 1958, pp. 1–223. JSTOR 41764644.
4. (in Spanish) Jørgensen, P. M., M. H. Nee & S. G. Beck. (eds.) Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Bolivia, Vol. 1, 880 pages‎ Missouri Botanical Garden, January 1, 2014 ISBN 1930723717 ISBN 978-1930723719
5. Kearney, Thomas H., Peebles, Robert H. Arizona Flora Second edition University of California Press, 1960 ISBN 0520006372 ISBN 9780520006379

External links

• The natural environment of San Sebastián de los Reyes.
• Ibero-Macaronesian Association of Botanical Gardens
• Botanical gardens page of Spain
• Xeriscape Colorado
• City of Albuquerque
• Texas Agricultural Extension Service
• Southern Nevada Water Authority
• Colorado State University Cooperative Extension
• Center for the Study of the Built Environment's Water-Conserving Landscapes Project

Category:Botanical gardens in Spain Category:Cactus gardens

Badener Vertrag 1585

<! - switzerland related ->

The Principality of Basel in the 16th century

In the Baden Treaty of 1585, the state relations as well as the territorial and denominational sovereignties between Basel and the Prince Bishopric Basel were regulated. The treaty was a great success for the Swiss Counter-Reformation.

In the course of the 13th and 14th centuries, the Basel town community increasingly emancipated itself from the sovereignty of the Prince-Bishop of Basel. From 1400 it began its own territorial policy and came in Sisgau for the first time in the pledge possession of prince-bishoprics. At the beginning of the 15th century, Basel had largely completed its expansion. In 1521 it finally renounced episcopal city rule and in 1529 it joined the Reformation. During the period of weakness of the Principality of Basel until the 1570s, Basel succeeded in working with most of the episcopal parishes of the nearby Birseck and the offices Laufen, Delsberg and [ [Freiberge]] to Verburgrechte. The city protected the Reformation there and exercised its rule, especially in the Birseck.

A change brought the resurrection of the prince bishopric by the ascension of Bishop Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee 1575th This allied in 1579 with the Catholic estates of the Confederation and demanded from Basel the release of the old prince-bishop fiefs and pledges. Basel risked falling under the sovereignty of the prince-bishopric and losing its independence. It could not hope for the help of the Reformed Cantons, which in any case hosted yet another disastrous campaign like the Second Chaplain War due to its then Lutheran orientation. from 1531 shy. Basel thus consented to a federal arbitration award, which was issued in 1585 in Tagsatzung sort Baden. This "Baden Treaty" determined that Basel, with an enormous payment of 200,000 [guilders], was in the final possession of all his pledges and fiefs of the prince-bishopric acquired since 1400. In return, the castle rights were invalidated with the prince-bishop subjects whose reformed denomination could now be fought by the Prince-Bishop. The connection of the re-Catholicized Birseck to the canton of Basel (today part of the canton of Baselland) succeeded only in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna.

The Basel Council had to raise money to make the required payment at all. So that he could repay the debts, he increased the Weinumgeld on the Basel landscape. The discontent led to the bloodless Rappenkrieg from 1591 to 1594.

Literature

• Georg Kreis, Beat von Wartburg (ed.): Basel. History of an Urban Society. Merian Verlag, Basel 2000, ISBN 3-85616-127-9, pp. 105-107.

Category: Contract (Switzerland) Category: Contract (16th century) Category: Counter-Reformation Category: History (Basel) Category: Christianity in Basel Category: History (Canton Basel-Landschaft) Category: History (Canton of Basel-City) Category: History (Canton of Aargau) Category: Baden AG Category: 1585

Laila
Georgian: ლაჰილი
Laila Peak viewed from Dolra valley
Highest point
Elevation	4,008 m (13,150 ft)
Coordinates	42°55′19″N 42°33′5″E
Geography
Laila Location of the mountain Laila Laila (Georgia)
Location	Georgia
Parent range	Svaneti Range
Climbing
First ascent	John Kokin (1887)
Easiest route	Starts at Tviberi village or Lezgara village via Chizdhi pass.

Lahli, Lahla, Laila is peak in Georgia, in Mestia Municipality. Located in Svaneti Range, Enguri], Lentekhi Municipality Is the highest point of Svaneti Range. Laila (4008 m) is a mountain with three peaks located near Mestia in Svaneti. In Svan language the word “laila” means “flame” probably because of the frequent storms occurring in the vicinity of its apex. The easiest way to the peak is 2A in the Russian valuation system. On the first day we reach the height of about 2200 meters above sea level where we camp under the pass Chishdi (3228 m asl).

Height 4008 m It is built with superpaleozoic-triangular quartzite, metamorphic slabs and sandstones. Snow-ice is covered. Glacier type glaciers on the northern slopes of the summit are glaciers.

Enguri River

The Lahail skirts run out of the glacial flows of the lahiil glacier. The first peak was captured by John Cockin in 1887.

References

Georgia-geo-stub