List of Lushootseed-speaking peoples

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This is a list of Indigenous peoples who speak, or historically spoke, the Lushootseed language. Lushootseed-speaking groups were traditionally politically autonomous at the local, or village, level, so there is no one term to unite all Lushootseed-speaking peoples.[1] Words like (dxʷ)ləšucid ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ or ʔacʔaciɬtalbixʷ kʷi gʷədxʷləšucideb (lit. "Lushootseed peoples" or "Peoples who speak Lushootseed") are sometimes used in modern times.[2] Sometimes, anthropologists have grouped all Lushootseed-speaking peoples together as the "Lushootseed people."[3] All historically-attested extended village groups or bands are listed, grouped by modern-day tribal units, sub-units, and further sub-units.

Northern Lushootseed[edit]

Northern Lushootseed (dxʷləšucid)[4] is spoken by peoples living generally in Island, Skagit, Snohomish, and parts of Whatcom counties. Northern Lushootseed-speaking communities include:

  • Upper Skagit - sqaǰətabš[4]
    • Nuwaha - dxʷʔaha[4]: 4 
      • Lake Whatcom village - x̌ačuʔabš[5]
      • Lake Samish village - stiksabš[1]: 20 
    • Nookachamps - duqʷəčabš[4]: 85 
      • Mount Vernon village - dᶻalqahabš[1]: 16 
      • Big Lake village - cəlaɬabš[4]: 43 
    • Mesekwegwils - bəsikʷigʷilc[4]: 39 
    • Chobaabish - čubəʔabš[4]: 66 
    • Baslo'alo - baslux̌ʔalux̌
    • Smaliwhu - sbaliʔxʷ[4]: 33 
    • Silayucid - sʔilayucid[1]
    • Beskayucid - bəsq̓ixʷucid[1]
    • Miskaiwhu - bəsq̓ixʷixʷ[4]: 187 
    • Kwabatsabsh - k̓ʷabacabš[1]
  • Sauk - saʔqʷəbixʷ[6]
    • Suiattle - suyaƛ̕bixʷ[6]
  • Stillaguamish - stuləgʷabš[4]: 230 
    • Quadsack - qʷacaʔkʷbixʷ
  • Swinomish - swədəbš[4]: 246 
  • Snohomish - sduhubš[4]
    • Quil Ceda - qʷəl̕sidəʔəbš[4]: 190 
    • Whidbey Island Snohomish - dəgʷasx̌abš[4]: 79 
    • Sdodohobsh - sduduhubš
    • N'Quentlmamish - dxʷkʷiƛ̕əbabš[4]: 126 

Southern Lushootseed[edit]

Southern Lushootseed, otherwise known as Twulshootseed (txʷəlšucid)[7] is spoken by the various peoples, historical and contemporary, located in King, Pierce, Thurston, Mason, and Kitsap counties. Southern Lushootseed communities include:

  • Skykomish - sq̓ixʷəbš[4]
    • Staktalijamish - st̕aq̓taliǰabš[4]
    • Upper Skykomish/Index people - bəsx̌əx̌əx̌əlč
  • Duwamish - dxʷdəwʔabš[4]
    • Shilshole - šilšulabš
    • Hachuamish - x̌ačuʔabš
      • Thornton Creek band - dəxʷx̌ʷubilabš
      • Union Bay band - sluʔwiɬabš
      • Renton band
      • May Creek band - šabalʔtxʷabš
      • Stkehlmish - saʔcaqaɬəbš
      • Juanita Creek band - təbɬtubixʷ
    • Samammish - sc̓ababš[4]
    • Stkamish - stəqabš
  • Suquamish - dxʷsəq̓ʷəbš[8]
    • Saktamish - sx̌aq̓tabš
  • Puyallup - spuyaləpabš[4]
    • Hylebos Creek band - sx̌ax̌ƛ̕abš[9]
    • Clarks Creek band - txʷskʷaqʷabš
    • Simons Creek band - sqʷədabš
    • Homamish - sxʷəbabš[10]
    • Shotlemamish - dəxʷsx̌əƛ̕əbabš
    • Steilacoom - č̓tilqʷəbabš[4][9]
      • Clover Creek band
  • Nisqually - dxʷsqʷaliʔabš[4][11]
    • Sequalitchew - sčəgʷaličabš
    • Lower Nisqually
    • Clear Creek band
    • Nisqually Lake band
    • Muck Creek band
    • Meshal/Mashel - bəšalabš[9]
  • Squaxin Island - sqʷax̌sədəbš[4][12]

Whulshootseed[edit]

Whulshootseed (xʷəlšucid) refers to the large subdialect of Southern Lushootseed spoken by the Snoqualmie and Muckleshoot peoples.

  • Snoqualmie - sdukʷalbixʷ[4]
    • Tolt band - x̌alalʔtxʷabš[13]
    • Upper Snoqualmie/North Bend band - baqʷababš[13]
    • Fall City band[13]
  • Muckleshoot - bəqəlšuɬ[4]
    • Skopamish - sxʷq̓ʷupabš[4]
      • Yilalkoamish - ʔilalqʷuʔabš[4]
      • Soos/Susabsh - sʔusabš
    • Smulkamish - sbalqʷuʔabš[4]
    • Stuck River band - stəx̌ʷabš
    • Upper Puyallup
    • Tkwakwamish - dxʷxʷaq̓ʷabš
    • South Prairie Creek band

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Collins, June M. (1974). Valley of the Spirits: The Upper Skagit Indians of Western Washington.
  2. ^ Waterman, T.T. (2001). sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ - Puget Sound Geographical Names. Seattle: Lushootseed Press.
  3. ^ Miller, Jay (1997). "Back to Basics: Chiefdoms in Puget Sound". Ethnohistory. 44 (2): 375–387. doi:10.2307/483373. ISSN 0014-1801.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994). Lushootseed Dictionary. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97323-4.
  5. ^ Richardson, Allan; Galloway, Brent (2011). Nooksack Place Names: Geography, Culture, and Language. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  6. ^ a b "Sauk-Suiattle - Index". sauk-suiattle.com. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  7. ^ "Puyallup Tribal Language - Home". www.puyalluptriballanguage.org. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  8. ^ "The Suquamish Tribe – Home of the Suquamish People". Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  9. ^ a b c Smith, Marian W. (1941). "The Coast Salish of Puget Sound". American Anthropologist. 43 (2): 197–211 – via JSTOR.
  10. ^ Hutchinson, Chase (March 1, 2021). "Estuary has new name, honoring tribe; you'll need to watch a video to pronounce it". The News Tribune. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  11. ^ ":: Nisqually Indian Tribe Home Page". www.nisqually-nsn.gov. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d e f "Who We Are – Squaxin Island Tribe". Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  13. ^ a b c Tollefson, Kenneth D. (1987). "The Snoqualmie: A Puget Sound Chiefdom". Ethnology. 26 (2): 124 – via JSTOR.
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