List of Islamic scholars described as father or founder of a field
The following is a list of internationally recognized Muslim scholars of medieval Islamic civilization who have been described as the father or the founder of a field by some modern scholars:
- Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi: Father of Modern Surgery[1] and the Father of Operative Surgery.[2]
- Ibn al-Nafis: Father of Circulatory Physiology and Anatomy.[3][4][5]
- Abbas ibn Firnas: Father of Medieval Aviation.[6][7]
- Alhazen: Father of Modern Optics.[8][9]
- Jabir ibn Hayyan: Father of Chemistry
- Ibn Khaldun: Father of Sociology, Historiography and Modern Economics. He is best known for his Muqaddimah.
- Ibn Sina(Avicenna): Widely regarded as the Father of Early Modern Medicine as well as the Father of Clinical Pharmacology.[10] His most famous work is the Canon of Medicine.[11]
- 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi: Also known as Haly Abbas is called Father of Anatomic Physiology.[12] In addition, the section on dermatology in his Kamil as-Sina'ah at-Tibbiyah (Royal book-Liber Regius) has one scholar to regard him as the Father of Arabic Dermatology.[13]
- Al-Biruni: Father of Indology, Father of Comparative Religion and Father of Geodesy for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India under Muslim rule.[14] Georg Morgenstierne regarded him as the " founder of comparative studies in human culture."[15] Al-Biruni is also known as the Father of Islamic Pharmacy.[16][17]
- Al-Khwarizmi: Most renowned as the Father of Algebra[18][19] Al-Khwarizmi had such huge influence on the field of mathematics that it is attributed to him the eponymous word 'algorithm' as well as 'algebra'.[20][21]
- Ibn Hazm: Father of Comparative Religion and "honoured in the West as that of the founder of the science of comparative religion."[22] Alfred Guillaume refers to him the composer of "the first systematic higher critical study of the Old and New Testaments."[23] However, William Montgomery Watt disputes the claim, stating that Ibn Hazm's work was preceded by earlier works in Arabic and that "the aim was polemical and not descriptive."[24]
- Al-Farabi: Regarded as founder of Islamic Neoplatonism[25][26] and by some as the Father of Logic in the Islamic World.[27][28]
- Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126-1198): Known in west as The Commentator has been described by some as the Father of Rationalism[29] and the Father of Free Thought in Western Europe.[30][31][32][33] Ernest Renan called Averroes the absolute rationalist, and regarded him as the father of freethought and dissent.[34]
- Rhazes: His Diseases in Children has led many to consider him the Father of Pediatrics.[35][36][37] He has also been praised as the "real founder of clinical medicine in Islam."[38]
- Muhammad al-Shaybani: Father of Muslim International Law.[39]
- Ismail al-Jazari: Father of Automaton and Robotics.
- Suhrawardi: Founder of the Illuminationist school of Islamic philosophy.[40][41]
- Al-Tusi: Father of Trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right.[42][43][44]
- Seyyed Hossein Nasr: Father of Islamic ecotheology.[45][46]
- Ahmed Zewail: Father of Femtochemistry.[47]
See also[edit]
- List of people considered father or mother of a scientific field
- Islamic Golden Age
- Science in medieval Islam
- Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world
References[edit]
- ^ A, Martín-Araguz; Bustamante-Martínez, C; Fernández-Armayor Ajo, V; Moreno-Martínez, JM (2002). "Neuroscience in Al Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine". Revista de Neurología. 34 (9): 877–92. doi:10.33588/rn.3409.2001382. PMID 12134355.
- ^ SS, Wijesinha (1983). "El Zahrawi (936-1013 AD), the father of operative surgery". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 65 (6): 423. PMC 2494430. PMID 6357042.
- ^ Feucht, Cynthia; Greydanus, Donald E.; Merrick, Joav; Patel, Dilip R.; Omar, Hatim A. (2012). Pharmacotherapeutics in Medical Disorders. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110276367.
- ^ Moore, Lisa Jean; Casper, Monica J. (2014). The Body: Social and Cultural Dissections. Routledge. ISBN 9781136771729.
- ^ deVries, Catherine R.; Price, Raymond R. (2012). Global Surgery and Public Health: A New Paradigm. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9780763780487.
- ^ How Invention Begins: Echoes of Old Voices in the Rise of New MachinesBy John H. Lienhard.
- ^ Sustainable Aviation by T. Hikmet Karakoc, C. Ozgur Colpan, Onder Altuntas, Yasin Sohret.
- ^ "International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO". UNESCO. 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ "The 'first true scientist'". 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
- ^ Khan, Murad Ahmad; Raza, Fauzia; Khan, Iqbal Akhtar (2015). "Ibn Sina and the Roots of the Seven Doctrines of Preservation of Health". Acta medico-historica Adriatica. 13 (Suppl 2): 87–102. ISSN 1334-4366. PMID 26959634.
- ^ "Avicenna's Canon of Medicine: A Look at Health, Public Health, and Environmental Sanitation" (PDF). Researchgate.net. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- ^ Goodman, Herman (1953). "Notable Contributors to the Knowledge of Dermatology". Medical Lay Press: 38.
- ^ Marquis, Leslie (1985). "Arabian Contributors to Dermatology". International Journal of Dermatology. 24 (1): 60–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1985.tb05366.x. PMID 3888876. S2CID 23091886.
- ^ Robinson, Francis (2010). Islam in South Asia: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press US. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-980644-7.
- ^ G. Morgenstierne, "Al-Biruni, The Founder of Comparative Studies in Human Culture," in The Commemoration Volume of Biruni International Congress (Tehran: High Council for Culture and Art, 1973), 6.
- ^ Yoke, Peng (2006). Explorations in Daoism Medicine and Alchemy in Literature. Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 0-415-40460-6.
- ^ Hamarneh, Sami K. (1984). Anees, Munawar A. (ed.). Health Sciences in Early Islam. Taylor & Francis. p. 220. ISBN 0-9608754-0-9.
- ^ Gandz, Solomon (1936). "The Sources of al-Khwarizmi's Algebra". Osiris. 1: 264. doi:10.1086/368426. S2CID 60770737 – via History of Science Society (HSTM).
In a sense, Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called the "father of algebra" than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers.
- ^ "Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi: The Father of Algebra | About the Hero". Lowell Milken Center. 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
- ^ "algorithm - Oxford English Dictionary (OED)". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
- ^ "algebra - Oxford English Dictionary (OED)". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
- ^ Gibb, H. A. R. Sir Thomas Arnold, Alfred Guillaume (ed.). The Legacy of Islam. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
- ^ Crandall, Kenneth H. (1954). The Impact of Islam on Christianity. American Friends of the Middle East. p. 3.
- ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1996). A History of Islamic Spain. Edinburgh University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0748608478.
- ^ Fakhry, Majid (October 2004). Al-Farabi, Founder of Islamic Neoplatonism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231132206. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ Collinson, Diané; Plant, Kathryn; Wilkinson, Robert (1999). Fifty Eastern Thinkers. Routledge. p. 26. ISBN 0-203-00540-6.
- ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State Univ. of New York Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-7914-6799-6.
- ^ Bevir, Mark (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Sage Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-4129-5865-3.
- ^ Gill, John (2009). Andalucía : a cultural history. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-0-19-537610-4.
- ^ Guillaume, Alfred (1945). The Legacy of Islam. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Bratton, Fred (1967). Maimonides, Medieval Modernist. Beacon Press.
- ^ "John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions - Islamic encounters". Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ "Ahmed, K. S. "Arabic Medicine: Contributions and Influence". The Proceedings of the 17th Annual History of Medicine Days, March 7th and 8th, 2008 Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, AB" (PDF). Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ Walker, Benjamin (1997). The Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. London: Peter Owen. ISBN 0-7206-1038-9.
- ^ Wren, Benjamin (2004). Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm. University Press of America. p. 139. ISBN 0-7618-2747-1.
- ^ Major, Ralph (1954). A History of Medicine. Vol. 1. Thomas. p. 239.
- ^ Ahmad, A; O'Leary, JP (Nov 1997). "Observations on early suture materials: the first stitch in time". The American Surgeon. 63 (11): 1027–8. ISSN 0003-1348. PMID 9358798.
One of his best known treatises was Diseases in Children, and in some circles he has been acclaimed as the father of pediatrics.
- ^ Frye, Richard (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 416. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- ^ Tabassum, Sadia (20 April 2011). "Combatants, Not Bandits: The Status of Rebels in Islamic Law". International Review of the Red Cross. 93 (881): 121–139. doi:10.1017/S1816383111000117. S2CID 56196822.
- ^ Plott, John C.; James Michael Dolin; Wallace Gray (1989). Global History of Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38. ISBN 81-208-0552-6.
- ^ Kraemer, Joel L. (2010). Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds. Doubleday. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-385-51200-8.
- ^ "Al-Tusi_Nasir biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.
- ^ Berggren, J. L. (2013). "Islamic Mathematics". the cambridge history of science. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–83. doi:10.1017/CHO9780511974007.004. ISBN 9780521594486.
- ^ electricpulp.com. "ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.
- ^ "Islamic environmentalism: The call to eco-jihad - Qantara.de". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
- ^ Foltz, Richard (2013). "Ecology in Islam". In Runehov, Anne L. C.; Oviedo, Lluis (eds.). Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. Springer. p. 675. ISBN 978-1402082641.
- ^ Douhal, Abderrazzak; Lahmani, Françoise; Zewail, Ahmed H. (1996). "Proton-transfer reaction dynamics". Chemical Physics. 207 (2–3): 477–498. Bibcode:1996CP....207..477D. doi:10.1016/0301-0104(96)00067-5. ISSN 0301-0104.