2002 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco

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2002 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco
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Circuit de Monaco
Circuit de Monaco
Race details
Date 18–19 May 2002
Official name 3e Grand Prix de Monaco Historique
Location Circuit de Monaco
Course Street circuit
Course length 3.370 km (2.094 miles)

The 2002 Historic Grand Prix of Monaco was the third running of the Historic Grand Prix of Monaco, a motor racing event for heritage Grand Prix, Voiturettes, Formula One, Formula Two and Sports cars.

Report[edit]

The event was characterised by heavy rain during practice sessions on Saturday, resulting in some damaged cars, and dry races on Sunday.[1][2]

Charles Dean overtook Julian Majzub at the start of Race A, and the two raced hard until Majzub hit the wall at St Devote, slightly injuring himself and damaging the car enough to end his race.[2] Bart Rosman ran third but engine problems forced him to retire after 7 laps.[1]

Race C featured Simone Stanguellini, grandson of Stanguellini founder Vittorio, at the wheel of a Stanguellini Spyder 750. He would return to the event in 2004 and 2008 driving a Formula Junior car from the marque owned by his family. Phil Hill was entered in an Alfa Romeo 3000 CM but did not take part in any sessions; he would return with the same car in 2004. Stirling Moss gave a spirited drive to twelfth, which the crowd acknowledged with a standing ovation after the finish. Richard Wills qualified third but crashed in the tunnel and was a non-starter.[2]

Duncan Dayton led Race E for 6 laps before retiring,[2][3] and led Race F but retired early with a damaged suspension.[1]

Race G featured, for the only time in the event's history, two current F1 drivers: Alex Yoong and Takuma Sato, both seeking to gain experience of the unique circuit before their first Monaco Grand Prix. Sato crashed his Lotus 49B during a wet practice session and did not start the race;[4][5] Yoong took the race lead and seemed destined for victory until his car became stuck in fifth gear during a late safety car period and Martin Stretton passed him on the final lap.[5]

Three more F1 drivers were slated to take part: Henri Pescarolo in a Matra MS120 similar to that which he'd driven to third place in the 1970 Monaco Grand Prix, Tom Belsø in a Williams FW03 similar to his car from the 1974 Formula One season, and Danny Sullivan in a Lola Mk4. Neither would feature in the event; Sullivan's car was driven by American Howard Cherry.[6][7]

Results[edit]

Summary[edit]

Série Cars Years

Pole position

Fastest lap

Race winner
A Grand Prix - two-seater Pre-1934 United Kingdom Julian Majzub 2:16.954 United Kingdom Charles Dean 2:12.239 United Kingdom Charles Dean
B Grand Prix Pre-1952 United Kingdom Julian Bronson 2:32.581 United Kingdom Irvine Laidlaw 2:08.124 United Kingdom Julian Bronson
C Sports cars Pre-1959 United Kingdom David Franklin 2:16.987 United Kingdom Irvine Laidlaw 2:09.026 United Kingdom David Franklin
D Grand Prix Pre-1961 France Flavien Marcais 2:22.989 United States Duncan Dayton 2:00.511 United Kingdom Martin Stretton
E Formula Junior - rear engine United Kingdom Denis Welch 2:05.354 United Kingdom Denis Welch 1:56.997 United Kingdom Denis Welch
F Grand Prix Pre-1966 Germany Dr. Thomas Bscher 2:26.534 United Kingdom Frank Sytner 1:56.103 United Kingdom Frank Sytner
G Formula 1 Pre-1979 France Flavien Marcais 2:08.863 United Kingdom Trevor Reeves 1:44.182 United Kingdom Martin Stretton

Série A: Pre 1934 two-seater Grand Prix cars[edit]

Pos. No. Driver Car Year Laps Time/retired Grid
1 6 United Kingdom Charles Dean Bugatti 51 1932 10 24:00.504 2
2 11 Germany Fritz Grashei Alfa Romeo 8C Monza 1933 10 +43.177
3 7 France Jean-Louis Duret Bugatti 35B 1926 10 +1:05.355
4 24 Germany Klaus Werner Alfa Romeo 8C Monza 1932 10 +1:24.859
5 4 United Kingdom Chris Chilcott Frazer Nash Supersports 1926 10 +1:58.359
6 30 United Kingdom Philip Champion Frazer Nash Supersports 1928 9 +1 lap
7 8 United Kingdom Peter S. Flood Riley Dixon 6 1933 9 +1 lap
8 23 Germany Martin Viessmann Alfa Romeo 8C Monza 1933 9 +1 lap
9 9 United Kingdom Paul Grant Amilcar C0 1927 9 +1 lap
10 2 Monaco Jean-Claude Miloe Delage 1500 1927 9 +1 lap
11 25 Germany Michael Willms Bugatti 35A 1926 9 +1 lap
12 15 United States Ian Landy Bugatti 35B 1927 8 +2 laps
13 19 Germany Helmut Pende Bugatti 37A 1928 8 +2 laps
14 3 United Kingdom Martin Henderson Frazer Nash Nūrburg 1932 8 +2 laps
15 10 United Kingdom Mary Grant-Jonkers Amilcar C6 1927 8 +2 laps
16 14 Netherlands Bart Rosman Bugatti 35C 1929 7 +3 laps 4
17 17 United Kingdom Richard Odell Riley S.W.B. 11/40 1924 7 +3 laps
18 1 United Kingdom Julian Majzub Bugatti 35B 1927 4 +6 laps 1
19 21 France Jean-Jacques Strub Bugatti 35/51 1926 4 +6 laps
20 34 Germany Axel Wulfing Mercedes-Benz SSK 1928 4 +6 laps
21 18 United Kingdom Peter Neumark Alfa Romeo 8C Monza 1932 2 +8 laps
22 5 United States Ed Davies Alfa Romeo 8C Monza 1932 1 +9 laps 3
No lap 20 United Kingdom Dick Smith Frazer Nash Nūrburg 1932
DNS 12 Brazil Abba Kogan Maserati 8C 1933
DNS 16 Switzerland Franz Messerli Maserati 4CM 1932
Sources:[8][9][2][1]

Série B: Pre 1952 Grand Prix cars[edit]

Pos. No. Driver Car Year Laps Time/retired Grid
1 3 United Kingdom Julian Bronson ERA B 1937 10 21:44.015 1
2 1 United Kingdom Irvine Laidlaw Maserati 6CM 1937 10 +5.815
3 4 United Kingdom Martin Walford ERA R1A 1934 10 +13.115 3
4 21 United Kingdom Mark Gillies Maserati 4CL 1939 10 +47.658
5 23 United Kingdom Richard Pilkington Talbot-Lago T26C 1950 10 +50.837
6 19 United Kingdom Antony Stephens ERA R12B 1936 10 +56.845
7 24 United States Christopher W. Cox Ferrari 212 1951 10 +1:53.886
8 17 United Kingdom Roger Lucas Maserati 6CM 1936 10 +2:15.071
9 18 United Kingdom John May Maserati A6GCM 1951 10 +2:16.641
10 7 United States Jeff Kline Alfa Romeo 12C 1937 9 +1 lap
11 9 United Kingdom Richard Last MG Parnell K3 1933 9 +1 lap
12 15 United States Patrick van Schoote Alfa Romeo P3 1934 9 +1 lap
13 22 Switzerland Max Lustenberger Maserati 4CLT 1948 9 +1 lap
14 2 France Jean-Jacques Bally Gordini T15 1948 9 +1 lap
15 44 Austria Wolf-Dieter Baumann Maserati 4CLT 1949 9 +1 lap
16 14 Germany Robert Fink Alfa Romeo P3 1932 8 +2 laps
No lap 6 Switzerland Georg Kaufmann Maserati 4CL 1939
No lap 10 Germany Oliver Maierhofer Maserati 4CL 1946
No lap 11 Austria Winfried Kallinger Cisitalia D46 1946
No lap 12 Germany Stefan Schollwoeck Maserati 6CM 1937 2
DNS 16 Switzerland Peter Heuberger Maserati 6CM 1938
DNS 20 Germany Wolfgang Wegner-Bscher Maserati V8RI 1936
Sources:[10][9][2]

Série C: Pre 1959 Sports cars[edit]

Pos. No. Driver Car Year Laps Time/retired Grid
1 26 United Kingdom David Franklin Ferrari 750 Monza 1955 10 22:21.604 1
2 21 United Kingdom Irvine Laidlaw Maserati 250S 1957 10 +15.359 4
3 37 United States Rob Walton Maserati 300S 1956 10 +31.07
4 32 United Kingdom Michael Steele HWM-Jaguar 1954 10 +31.723
5 25 Brazil Carlos Monteverde Ferrari 250 TR 1958 10 +32.211
6 7 France Pierre Rageys Maserati 300S 1955 10 +38.197
7 35 Switzerland Christian Traber Ferrari 750 Monza 1955 10 +1:18.049
8 42 Mexico Nicolas Zapata Ferrari 625 TR 1956 10 +1:52.464
9 10 United Kingdom James Wood HWM-Jaguar 1956 10 +1:53.919
10 38 United Kingdom Nick Wigley Tojeiro-Bristol 1953 10 +2:00.368
11 8 Japan Shunji Hasumi Lotus Nine 1955 10 +2:13.231
12 34 United Kingdom Stirling Moss Frazer Nash Le Mans Replica 1953 9 +1 lap
13 15 Germany Wolfgang Friedrichs Aston Martin DB3 1952 9 +1 lap
14 31 Italy Simone Stanguellini Stanguellini Spyder 750 1953 9 +1 lap 21
15 29 Germany Paul Singer Veritas RS 1948 9 +1 lap
16 3 France Jean-François Bentz Cooper-Bristol Mk1 1952 9 +1 lap
17 16 Italy Tommaso Gelmini OSCA MT4 1955 9 +1 lap
18 5 United Kingdom Julian Bronson Jaguar C-Type 1952 9 +1 lap
19 27 Italy Marco Pelizziari Ferrari 500 TR 1956 9 +1 lap
20 23 United States Bruce McCaw Maserati 450S 1957 9 +1 lap
21 11 Spain Carlos de Miguel Ferrari 166 MM 1950 9 +1 lap
22 17 United Kingdom Neil Hadfield Jaguar C-Type 1953 9 +1 lap
23 22 France Patrice Louette HWM-Alta 1948 9 +1 lap
24 6 Italy Umberto Camellini Ferrari 340 MM 1953 9 +1 lap
25 20 United Kingdom Fritz Kozka Porsche 550 A 1957 9 +1 lap
26 14 Spain Jose Fernandez Frazer Nash Le Mans Replica 1950 9 +1 lap
27 4 France Antoine Blasco OSCA MT4 1952 9 +1 lap
28 24 France Antoine Midy Ferrari 212 Export 1951 8 +2 laps
29 28 France Pierre Pinelli Lotus Nine 1955 8 +2 laps
30 18 United States Allan Rosenberg OSCA 2000S 1952/53 8 +2 laps
31 1 United Kingdom Jeremy Agace Maserati 250SI 1956 7 +3 laps 2
32 40 Germany Peter Wuensch Maserati 300S 1955 3 +7 laps
33 33 United Kingdom Frank Sytner Aston Martin DB3S 1955 2 +8 laps
No lap 30 Monaco Raymond Squarciafichi Arnolt-Bristol 1957
No lap 9 Italy Roberto Crippa Ferrari 340 MM 1953
DNS 39 United Kingdom Richard Wills Lola Mk1 1957/8 3
DNS 2 United States Phil Hill Alfa Romeo 6C 3000 CM 1953
DNS 19 Brazil Abba Kogan Maserati 350S 1956
Sources:[11][9][2][1]

Série D: Pre 1961 Grand Prix cars[edit]

Pos. No. Driver Car Year Laps Time/retired Grid
1 1 United Kingdom Martin Stretton Connaught C 1956 10 21:22.114 2
2 3 United States Duncan Dayton Lotus 16 1959 10 +13.323
3 15 France Flavien Marcais Cooper-Bristol Mk2 1953 10 +16.286 1
4 14 United Kingdom Willie Green Maserati 250F 1957 10 +20.547
5 34 Germany Dr. Thomas Bscher Maserati 250F 1955 10 +31.529 3
6 19 United Kingdom Barrie Williams Connaught A4 1952 10 +37.257
7 9 United Kingdom Ian Nuthall Alta 1952 10 +1:45.634
8 4 Italy Gigi Baulino Maserati A6GCM-250F 1952/54 10 +2:03.398
9 28 Switzerland Peter Heuberger Maserati 250F 1956 10 +2:16.603
10 6 United Kingdom Barry Cannell Cooper-Bristol Mk2 1953 9 +1 lap
11 7 United Kingdom Proby Cautley Cooper-Bristol Mk1 1952 9 +1 lap
12 16 United Kingdom Michael Parr Cooper T24/25 1953 9 +1 lap
13 48 Spain Juan Quintano Ferrari 555 "Supersqualo" 1955 9 +1 lap
14 8 United Kingdom Peter Gooch Lotus 12 1958 9 +1 lap
15 5 United Kingdom David Bennett Maserati A6GCM-250F 1953/54 6 +4 laps
16 11 Sweden Lars-Goran Itskowitz Lotus 12 1957 5 +5 laps
No lap 2 Spain Joaquín Folch-Rusiñol Lotus 16 1959
DNS 10 Ferrari 212 1951
DNS 12 United Kingdom Neil Davies Cooper-Alta 1952
DNS 14 United Kingdom Peter Neumark Maserati 250F 1957
DNS 17 United States Tom Price Maserati 250F 1956
DNS 18 Germany Dieter Streve-Mühlens Maserati 250F 1954
Sources:[12][9][2]

Série E: Formula Junior - Rear engine[edit]

Pos. No. Driver Car Year Laps Time/retired Grid
1 29 United Kingdom Denis Welch Merlyn 1963 10 20:51.771 1
2 31 United Kingdom Michael Schryver Lotus 22 1962 10 +1.003
3 2 Spain Joaquín Folch-Rusiñol Lotus 27 1963 10 +49.656
4 3 Monaco Marcus Mussa Lotus 22 1962 10 +1:06.724
5 24 United States Douglas Mockett Cooper T56 1961 10 +1:07.273
6 6 United Kingdom Bob Birrell Brabham BT6 1963 10 +2:04.582
7 27 Italy Dario Tellarini Foglietti 1963 10 +2:06.290
8 90 United Kingdom James Hicks Caravelle Mk3 1960 9 +1 lap
9 14 United Kingdom Simon Diffey Lotus 20 1961 9 +1 lap
10 1 Japan Keiichi Murakami Lotus 18 1960 9 +1 lap
11 21 Germany Klaus Rauschen Brabham BT2 1962 9 +1 lap
12 4 United Kingdom Oliver Crosthwaite Gemini Mk4 1962 9 +1 lap
13 25 United Kingdom David Stevenson Cooper T56 1960 9 +1 lap
14 20 Italy Luciano Quaggia Brabham BT6 1963 9 +1 lap
15 7 New Zealand Leonard Selby Cooper T56 1961 9 +1 lap
16 9 Italy Marco Antonucci Wainer 1963 9 +1 lap
17 26 United Kingdom Andrew Taylor Britannia 1960 9 +1 lap
18 57 United Kingdom Robin Longdon Lola Mk5A 1963 8 +2 laps
19 12 United States Kurt DelBene Lola Mk5A 1963 8 +2 laps
20 28 United Kingdom Michael Waller Kieft 1960 8 +2 laps
21 30 Italy Carlo Maria del Conte Wainer 1960 8 +2 laps
22 5 United States Duncan Dayton Cooper T67 1963 7 +3 laps
23 23 Australia Gary Michael Ryan Lola Mk3 1961 7 +3 laps
24 8 Germany Tobias Aichele Melkus-Wartburg 1960 4 +6 laps
25 17 Germany Peter Knöfel Emeryson F1 1960 3 +7 laps
26 18 United Kingdom John Monson Elva 300 1961 2 +8 laps
27 88 United Kingdom Martin Walford Lotus 22 1962 1 +9 laps
28 10 United Kingdom Hugh Chalmers Lotus 22 1962 1 +9 laps
No lap 15 United Kingdom Michael Hibberd Lotus 27 1963
No lap 16 Germany Stephan Jocher Brabham BT6 1963
No lap 81 Italy Alessandro Ripamonti De Sanctis 1962
No lap 19 United States Gil Nickel Lotus 27 1963
DNS 6 United Kingdom David Birrell Brabham BT6 1963
DNS 11 France Jean-Michel Coll Lotus 20/22 1961
DNS 22 United States Tupper Robinson Lola Mk5A 1963
Sources:[13][9]

Série F: Pre 1966 Grand Prix cars[edit]

Pos. No. Driver Car Year Laps Time/retired Grid
1 11 United Kingdom Frank Sytner Brabham BT4 1962 10 20:43.132 3
2 7 Germany Dr. Thomas Bscher BRM P261 1964 10 +9.371 1
3 6 United States James King Brabham BT7 1963 10 +19.109
4 26 United Kingdom Rod Jolley Cooper T45/T51 1958 10 +38.917 2
5 15 United States Murray Smith Brabham BT11A 1964 10 +1:07.183
6 12 United Kingdom Anthony Hancock LDS F1 1961 10 +1:10.122
7 24 United Kingdom Christopher Smith Lotus 21 1961 10 +1:20.406
8 2 United Kingdom Irvine Laidlaw BRM P57 1962 10 +1:20.720
9 19 United Kingdom Sidney Hoole Cooper T66 1963 10 +1:52.798
10 5 United Kingdom David Clark BRM P57 1961 10 +2:01.557
11 23 United Kingdom Philip Walker Derrington-Francis 1964 10 +2:04.700
12 9 United States Howard Cherry Lola Mk4 1962 10 +2:05.922
13 28 United Kingdom Roy Walzer Lotus 24 1962 9 +1 lap
14 8 United Kingdom Mark Griffiths Lotus 18 1961 9 +1 lap
15 34 Belgium André Wanty Lotus 18/21 1961 9 +1 lap
16 30 Italy Jason Wright ATS 100 1962 9 +1 lap
17 25 United Kingdom Steve O'Rourke Lotus 24 1962 9 +1 lap
18 3 United States Bruce McCaw BRM P261 1964 9 +1 lap
19 31 Italy Paolo Gecchelin Lotus 18 1959 9 +1 lap
20 1 Germany Richard Weiland Lotus 24 1962 9 +1 lap
21 17 Argentina Jorge Ferioli Lola Mk4 1962 9 +1 lap
22 4 Italy Marco Antonucci LDS F1 1963 8 +2 laps
23 27 United States Raymond Boissoneau Cooper T66 1961 8 +2 laps
24 33 United Kingdom Malcolm Ricketts Lotus 32B 1964 4 +6 laps
25 32 Netherlands Adrien van der Kroft Cooper T51 1959 4 +6 laps
26 18 Italy Marco Cajani De Tomaso 1961 4 +6 laps
27 10 United Kingdom William Binnie Cooper T51 1959 3 +7 laps
28 20 United States Douglas Mockett Cooper T53 1961 2 +8 laps
29 22 Germany Dieter Streve-Mühlens Lotus 24 1962 2 +8 laps
30 29 United Kingdom Alan Baillie Lotus 18 1960 1 +9 laps
No lap 16 United States Duncan Dayton Brabham BT11 1964
DNS 14 Belgium Michel Wanty Lotus 24 1961
DNS 21 Brazil Abba Kogan Brabham BT7A 1963
Sources:[7][9][2]

Série G: Pre 1979 Formula 1 cars[edit]

Pos. No. Driver Car Year Laps Time/retired Grid
1 32 United Kingdom Martin Stretton Tyrrell P34 1977 10 21:20.686
2 2 Malaysia Alex Yoong Lotus 72 1971 10 +5.163 3
3 18 United Kingdom Christopher Perkins Surtees TS16 1974 10 +9.652
4 6 Netherlands Nico Bindels Lotus 77 1976 10 +27.219
5 7 Switzerland Hubertus Bahlsen Brabham-Alfa Romeo 1977 10 +28.091 2
6 8 United Kingdom Mike Littlewood Wolf WR1 1977 10 +28.249
7 27 United States Steve Earle McLaren M23 1977 10 +29.356
8 28 United States Douglas Mockett Penske PC3 1975 10 +29.586
9 4 United Kingdom Trevor Reeves Tyrrell 008 1978 10 +33.845
10 12 United States John Delane Tyrrell 002 1971 10 +44.538
11 23 United Kingdom George Liebert Eagle Mk1 1966 10 +1:04.899
12 17 France Jean Guikas Ferrari 312B3 1974 9 +1 lap
13 14 United States Todd Morici Ferrari 312 1967 9 +1 lap
14 1 United States Chris MacAllister Ferrari 312T2 1976 9 +1 lap
15 33 Republic of Ireland Ean Pugh BRM P126/P133 1968 9 +1 lap
16 21 United Kingdom Simon de Lautour Cooper T81 1966 8 +2 laps
17 30 United Kingdom Ron Maydon Cooper-Alfa Romeo 1968 8 +2 laps
18 20 Monaco Yves Saguato Matra MS120C 1971 6 +4 laps
19 31 United States John Dimmer Tyrrell 004 1971 5 +5 laps
20 10 United States Murray Smith Brabham BT42 1973 3 +7 laps
21 22 United Kingdom Robert Lamplough March 711 1971 3 +7 laps
22 26 Japan Junro Nishida Lotus 77 1976 3 +7 laps
23 24 United Kingdom Andy Wolfe Hesketh 308E 1977 2 +8 laps
24 19 France Flavien Marcais BRM P180 1972 1 +9 laps 1
25 11 Spain Joaquín Folch-Rusiñol Surtees TS19 1978 1 +9 laps
26 15 United Kingdom David Clark McLaren M19A 1971 1 +9 laps
No lap 29 Italy Mauro Bompani March 701 1970
DNS 2 United Kingdom David McLaughlin Lotus 72 1971
DNS 3 Brazil Abba Kogan McLaren M23 1976
DNS 9 Japan Takuma Sato Lotus 49B 1968
DNS 11 Spain Joaquín Folch-Rusiñol Ferrari 312T3 1978
DNS 16 France Henri Pescarolo Matra MS120 1971
DNS 25 Netherlands Joos Tollenaar March 721X 1972
DNS 26 Lotus 77 1976
DNA Denmark Tom Belsø Williams FW03
Sources:[14][9][2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e van Daalen, Edvar (13 June 2002). "3e Grand Prix de Monaco Historique, May 18-19th 2002 - VeloceToday - Online Magazine for Italian Car Enthusiasts!". velocetoday.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Brown, Sydney (29 May 2002). "Historic GP - Monaco - Ferrari Happenings - Ferrari Owners' Club". archive-focgb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  3. ^ Malsher, David (July 2002). "British Street Aces are the principality players". Motor Sport. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  4. ^ "ATLAS F1, The Daily Grapevine: Sato Confirmed for Historic Monaco GP". atlasf1.com. 9 May 2002. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Alex Yoong - Biography". f1rejects.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  6. ^ "Back-to-back Moncao and Pau Street Spectaculars". Motor Sport. May 2002. p. 8. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Archives » Édition 2002 » Série F - Voitures de Grand Prix construites avant 1966". acm.mc. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  8. ^ "Archives » Édition 2002 » Série A - Voitures de Grand Prix biplaces construites avant 1934". acm.mc. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g 6e Grand Prix Historique de Monaco - Programme Officiel. 2008. pp. 74–77.
  10. ^ "Archives » Édition 2002 » Série B - Voitures de Grand Prix construites avant 1952". acm.mc. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Archives » Édition 2002 » Série C - Voitures de Sport construites avant 1959". acm.mc. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Archives » Édition 2002 » Série D - Voitures de Grand Prix construites avant 1961". acm.mc. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  13. ^ "Archives » Édition 2002 » Série E - Formule Junior à moteur arrière". acm.mc. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Archives » Édition 2002 » Série G - Formule Un construite avant 1979". acm.mc. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2021.