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History[edit]

Main article: History of Mangalore
The Sultan Battery in Mangalore, built in 1784 by Tipu Sultan to defend the city from British warships entering the Gurupura river[1][2]

Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers. Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek monk, in his 6th century work Christian Topography mentions Malabar as the chief seat of the pepper trade, and Mangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper marts which exported pepper.[3][4] Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian, made references to a place called Nitrias,[5] while Greek historian Ptolemy referred to a place called Nitra.[6] Ptolemy's and Pliny the Elder's references were probably made to the Netravati River, which flows through Mangalore.

In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha. The region was known as Sathia (Shantika) during the Mauryan regime. From the third century CE to sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in Banavasi in North Canara, ruled over the entire Canara region as independent rulers.[7] From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its own native Alupa rulers.[8] Mangalapura (Mangalore) was the first capital of the Alupa dynasty, before shifting it to Udyavara (near Udupi) during the eight century.[9] The Alupas ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Kalyani, and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra.[8] The city, then an important trading zone for Persian merchants, was visited by Adenese merchant Abraham Ben Yiju.[10] The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, who had visited the town in 1342, referred to it as Manjarun, and stated that the town was situated on a large estuary.[11] By 1345, the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control. By then the Alupa power had almost waned though they lingered in shadowy existence upto the end of the 14th century.[8] Later, the Jain Kings ruled the town as feudatories of the Vijayanagar Empire, and brought the town firmly under an efficient and centralised administration. In 1448, Abdul Razak, the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangalore, and was amazed at a glorious temple he saw in the city, en route to Vijayanagara.[12] During the Vijayanagara period (1345-1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkur rajyas, and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and Barkur. But many times only one governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkur rajyas, and when the authority passed into the hands of Keladi rulers (c. 1550-1763), they had a governor at Barkur alone.[13] The Italian traveler, Ludovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506 says that he witnessed nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready for sail in the port of Mangalore.[14]

A fort with two-tiered ramparts and many bastions rises above the far bank of a river. Some human settlements are visible nearby.
A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783, after it had been taken by the English East India Company

European influence in Mangalore can be traced back to 1498, when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at St Mary's Island near Mangalore.[15] In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio succeeded in defeating the Bangara King and his allies and conquered Mangalore.[16][17][18] The trade passed out of Muslim hands into Portuguese hands.[19] In 1640, the Keladi Nayaka kingdom defeated the Portuguese and ruled the town until 1762. The Portuguese were allowed to have trade relations with Mangalore.[19] In 1695, the town was torched by Arabs in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.[20]

Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore in 1763,[21] consequently bringing the city under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767 to 1783,[22] but was subsequently wrested from their control in 1783 by Hyder Ali's son, Tipu Sultan; who renamed it Jalalabad.[23][24] The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the Treaty of Mangalore, signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.[25] After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained in control of the British, headquartering the Canara district under the Madras Presidency.[26][27][28]

According to the Scottish physician Francis Buchanan who visited Mangalore in 1801, Mangalore was a rich and prosperous port with flourishing trading activity.[29] Rice was the grand article of export, and was exported to Muscat, Bombay, Goa and Malabar. Supari or Betel-nut was exported to Bombay, Surat and Kutch. Pepper and Sandalwood were exported to Bombay. Turmeric was exported to Muscat, Kutch, Surat and Bombay, along with Cassia Cinnamon, Sugar, Iron, Saltpeter, Ginger, Choir and Timber.[29]

The Light House Hill tower in Light House Hill, Hampankatta, served as a watchtower for the British Navy.[30]

The city was largely peaceful during British rule, with urban and infrastructural developments affected during the period. Mangalore flourished in education and in industry, becoming a commercial centre for trade.[19] The opening of the Lutheran German Basel Mission in 1834 brought many cotton weaving and tile manufacturers to the city.[31] When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was bifurcated into North Canara and South Canara in 1860, Mangalore was transferred into South Canara and became its headquarters.[26] South Canara remained under Madras Presidency, while North Canara was transferred to Bombay Presidency in 1861.[32] The enactment of the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865) mandated the establishment of the Municipal council on 23 May 1866, which was responsible for urban planning and providing civic amenities. Roman Catholic missions to Mangalore like the Italian Jesuit "Mangalore Mission" of 1878 played an important role in education, health, and social welfare.[33] The linking of Mangalore in 1907 to the Southern Railway, and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India, further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.[34]

As a result of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), Mangalore (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was incorporated into the dominion of the newly created Mysore State (now called Karnataka).[35] Mangalore is a major city of Karnataka, providing the state with access to the Arabian Sea coastline. Mangalore experienced significant growth in the decades 1970–80, with the opening of New Mangalore Port on 4 May 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited on 15 March 1976.[36][37] The late 20th century saw Mangalore develop as a business, commercial and information technology (IT) centre, although the traditional red tile-roofed houses are still retained in the city.

  1. ^ "Worst-Case Scenario". The Times of India. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
  2. ^ Kunal Bhatia (26 February 2008). "Mangalore: Of cultural institutions, tiles and religious spots". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 25 August 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. ISBN 9788130704234.
  4. ^ Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.
  5. ^ Bulletin of the International Committee of Historical Sciences 1935, p. 499
  6. ^ Prasad 1989, p. 163
  7. ^ K. Puttaswamaiah (1980). Economic Development of Karnataka: A Treatise in Continuity and Change. Oxford & IBH. p. 33.
  8. ^ a b c Bhat 1998, p. 17
  9. ^ P. Gururaja Bhatt (1975). Studies in Tuluva history and culture, from the pre-historic times upto the modern. Gururaja Bhatt. p. 19.
  10. ^ Ghosh 2002, p. 189
  11. ^ Lee 1829, Perils and detours in Malabar
  12. ^ Urs 1953, p. 119
  13. ^ Bhat 1998, p. 19
  14. ^ Bhat 1998, p. 20
  15. ^ Kamath, J. (16 September 2002). "Where rocks tell a tale". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 8 July 2008. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 52
  17. ^ Kerr 1812, Portuguese Transactions in India, under several governors, from the close of 1515, to the year 1526
  18. ^ Kerr 1812, Continuation of the Portuguese Transactions in India, from 1526 to 1538
  19. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference mlrh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Muthanna 1977, p. 235
  21. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 62
  22. ^ Thornton 1859, p. 114
  23. ^ Thornton 1859, p. 170
  24. ^ Lal 2002, p. 22
  25. ^ Forrest 1887, pp. 314–316
  26. ^ a b Raghuram, M. (18 July 2007). "Mangaluru: it has come a long way". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  27. ^ Townsend 1867, p. 628
  28. ^ Riddick 2006, p. 28
  29. ^ a b Prabhu 1999, p. 152
  30. ^ Raghuram, M. (18 June 2005). "Feeling on top of the world". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 August 2008.
  31. ^ Monteiro, John B. (31 August 2006). "Mangalore: Comtrust Carries On Basel's Mission". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  32. ^ Dodwell, p. 59
  33. ^ "College all set to celebrate 125th anniversary". The Hindu. 8 January 2004. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
  34. ^ "Mangalore was once the starting point of India's longest rail route". The Hindu. 29 October 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference sorg1956 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ "Brief History". New Mangalore Port. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  37. ^ "Corporate Profile". Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
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