User:Uanfala/sandbox/glt/all interlinear
Austronesian alignment Dec 12 /reverted
(1) Agent Trigger
K‹um›aen
‹AT›eat
Semay
rice
Cau.
man
"The man is eating some rice."
(2) Patient Trigger
Kaen-en
eat-PT
nu
ERG
Cau
man
Semay.
rice
"A/the man is eating the rice."
(or "The rice is being eaten by a/the man.")
(3) Locative Trigger
Kaen-an
eat-LT
nu
ERG
Cau
man
Semay
rice
Rumaq.
house
"The man is eating rice in the house."
(or "The house is being eaten rice in by the man.")
(4) Instrument Trigger
Si-kaen
IT-eat
nu
ERG
Cau
man
Semay
rice
lima-ni-á.
hand-GEN-3SG
"The man is eating rice with his hand."
(or "Hisi hand is being eaten rice with by the mani.")
Lithuanian grammar Dec 13
Šiandien
Today
kine
at the movies
aš
I
mačiau
saw
gražią
beautiful
mergaitę.
girl
(the main order)
Samoan language Dec 14
‘Ua
PERF
lē
not
fiafia
happy
le
ART
tama
boy
'The boy is unhappy.'
E
GENR
lei
not yet
tea
part
Tutuila
Tutuila
ae
but
amata
begin
le
ART
pele
card-playing
'The playing of cards started already before we left Tutuila.'
E
GENR
lē
not
lelei
good
'It is not good.'
ʻOu
1sg
te
GENR
lē
not
alu
go
i
LD
Apia
Apia
'I don't go to Apia.'
E
GENR
leai
not exist
ni
ART(NSP.PL)
taavale,
car
aua
because
e
GENR
lei
not yet
oo
reach
atu
DIR
i
LD
ai
ANAPH
ala
road(SP.PL)
taavale
car
'There were not any cars, because the roads did not reach there.' Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
E
GENR
leai
not exist
gāoi
move
Sina
Sina
'Sina didn't move at all.'
‘Aua
Don't
e
2.sg.
te
GENR
fa‘asāunoa
torture
'i
LD
mea=ola
thing=life(SP.PL)
'Do not torture animals.'
See the example below with sōia as the negative imperative:
Mandy-Jane!
Mandy-Jane
sōia
stop
e
2sg
te
GENR
faitala!
gossip
'Mandy-Jane! Stop gossiping!'
Aua
Because
foi,
also,
o le a
FUT
le
not
o
PRES
Niu
New
Sila,
Zealand
le
not
o
PRES
le
ART
Kolisi
college
o
POSS
Samoa
Samoa
a
but
o
PRES
le
ART
ta=mea
beat=thing
ma
and
le
ART
auli...
ironing
'There will be no New Zealand, no Samoan college [for me to go to if I do not pass the exam], but [only] washing and ironing [at home]....'
Aleut language Dec 14
tayaĝu-x̂
man-ABS
'[the] man'
ada-x̂
father-ABS
'[the] father'
tayaĝu-m
man-REL
ada-a
father-POSSM
'the man's father'
tayaĝu-m
man-REL
had-an
direction-LOC
'toward the man'
Piitra-x̂
Peter-SG.ABS
tayaĝu-x̂
man-SG.ABS
kidu-ku-x̂.
help-PRES-3SG
'Peter is helping the man.'
Piitra-m
Peter-SG.REL
kidu-ku-u.
help-PRES-3SG.ANA
'Peter is helping him.'
kidu-ku-ngis
help-PRES-PL.ANA
'He/she helped them.' / 'They helped him/her/them.'[1]
- Ting adaluusanaaĝiiĝutamasux̂takux̂.
Ting
me
adalu-
lie-
usa-
-toward-
-naaĝ-
-try.to-
-iiĝuta-
-again-
-masu-
-perhaps-
-x̂ta-
-PFV-
-ku-
-PRES-
-x̂.
-3SG
'Perhaps he tried to fool me again.'[2]
Assiniboine language Dec 16
škóškobena
banana
wãži
a
hokšína
boy
že
DET
yúda.
ate
'A banana ate the boy.' (or 'The boy ate a banana.')
Itza’ language Dec 16
in-ten
EMP-1SG.PRO
k-im-b'el
INC-1SG.A-go
im-b'en-es-eech
1SG.A-go-CAUS-2SG
"I am going to take you."
in-ten
EMP-1SG.PRO
k-im-b'el
INC-1SG.A-go
inw-a'l-e(j)
1SG.A-say-DTS
tech
2SG.IO
"I am going to tell you."
Hmong language Dec 16 uses of |c1=
Coptic language Dec 16
ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ
a-i-dʒimi
PFV-1SG-find.ABS
ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ
əm-p-a-joːt
PREP-DEF:MASC:SG-1SG-father
'I found my father.'
ⲁⲓⲭⲛ̀ⲧϥ
a-i-kʲənt=f
PFV-1SG-find.PRONOM=3MSG
'I found him.'
...etc..
Cree language Dec 16
Sam
Sam
wâpam-ew
see-3SG
Susan-a
Susan-3OBV
"Sam sees Susan."
John-cî
John-INTERR
kî-mîciso-w
PST-eat-3SG
"Did John eat?"
Kensiu language Dec 17
ʔuʔ
he
ŋɔk
sit
ʔep
LOC
bə'lɰʔ
leg
jɛʔ
I
'He sits in my lap.'
jo̝h'ʔuʔ
branch
hɔs
fall
ʔep
LOC
tobm
tree
ʔi'huʔ
ʔɔdn
there
'The branch falls at that tree.'
jɛʔ
I
ma
FUT
ɟɰp
go
pe̝
LOC
ga'de̝
store
ʔep
LOC
ɟa'la
yala
'I will go to the store in Yala.'
Lingarak language Dec 17
I-vlem,
3:REAL:SG-come
mang
man:ANA
i-lav
3:REAL:SG-get
ei
3SG
'She came and the man married her.' [NVKS10.112]
Sandawe language Dec 17
Basque language Dec 17
Kinyarwanda Dec 17
Ojibwe grammar Dec 17
Passive voice Dec 19
花子が
Hanako-ga
Hanako-NOM
隣の
tonari-no
neighbor-GEN
学生に
gakusei-ni
student-DAT
ピアノを
piano-o
piano-ACC
朝まで
asa-made
morning-until
弾かれた。
hika-re-ta.
played-PASS-PFV
"Hanako was adversely affected by the neighboring student playing the piano until morning."[3]
- neqerrluk yukucirtuq
neqe-rrluk
fish-departed.from.natural.state
yuku-cir-tu-q
be.moldy-get-IND.INTR-3sg
"That beautiful piece of dry fish got moldy."[4]
Instrumental case Dec 19
Resultative Dec 19
Nominalization Dec 19
Navajo grammar Dec 20
- (1)
Ashkii
boy
atʼééd
girl
yiníłʼį́.
yi-look
'The boy is looking at the girl.'
- (2)
Atʼééd
girl
ashkii
boy
biníłʼį́.
bi-look
'The girl is being looked at by the boy.'
- (3)
* Tsídii
bird
atʼééd
girl
yishtąsh.
yi-pecked
'The bird pecked the girl.'
- (4)
Atʼééd
girl
tsídii
bird
bishtąsh.
bi-pecked
'The girl was pecked by the bird.'
Voice (grammar) Dec 24
Pirahã language Dec 24
Applicative voice Dec 24 (Nov 16)
sa-duu
3SG-blow
rá-viimú
INAN-into
"He blows into it." (valence = 1)
sa-duu-tá-ra
3SG-blow-APPL-INAN:OBJ
"He blows it." (valence = 2)
sį-įchití-rya
3SG-poke-INAN:OBJ
javanu
meat
quiichi-tya
knife-INSTR
"He poked the meat with the knife." (valence = 2)
sį-įchití-tya-ra
3SG-poke-APPL-INAN:OBJ
quiichiy
knife
"He poked something with the knife." (valence = 3)
Interlinear gloss Jan 6 (Nov 11-13) modfications have been made
Interlinear gloss 2017 Nov 11-13
ni-c-chihui-lia
1SG.SUBJ-3SG.OBJ-mach-APPL
in
DET
no-piltzin
1SG.POSS-Sohn
ce
ein
calli
Haus
1.
2.
3.
4.
goá
goa1
goa2
I
iáu-boē
iau1-boe3
iau2-boe7
not-yet
koat-tēng
koat2-teng3
koat4-teng7
decide
tang-sî
tang7-si5
tang1-si5
when
boeh
boeh2
boeh4
want
tńg-khì
tng1-khi3.
tng2-khi3.
return.
5. "I have not yet decided when I shall return."
Gila
now
ferma
farm
hamišaluǧ
forever
güǧüna
behind
'Now their farm will not stay behind forever.'
Gila
now
aburun
their.OBL
ferma
farm
hamišaluǧ
forever
güǧüna
behind
amuqʼ-da-č
stay-will-not
'Now their farm will not stay behind forever.'
Gila
now
aburun
their
ferma
farm
hamišaluǧ
forever
güǧüna
behind
amuqʼdač
won't.stay
'Now their farm will not stay behind forever.'
oda-dan
room-ABL
room-from
hız-la
speed-COM
speed-with
çık-tı-m
go.out-PFV-1sg
go_out-perfective-I
'I left the room quickly.'
je=te=aime
I=you=love
'I love you.'
sulat
write
su~sulat
contemplative mood~write
s⟨um⟩ulat
⟨agent trigger.past⟩write
s⟨um⟩u~sulat
⟨agent trigger⟩contemplative~write
sulat
write
su~sulat
contemplative mood~write
s⟨um⟩ulat
⟨agent trigger.past⟩write
s⟨um⟩u~sulat
⟨agent trigger⟩contemplative~write
unser-n
our-DAT.PL
Väter-n
father\PL-DAT.PL
'to our fathers' (the singular of Väter 'fathers' is Vater)
Serial verb construction Jan 6 (Nov 14)
Musa
Musa
bé
came
lá
took
èbi.
knife
"Musa came to take the knife."
nu-takasã
deceived(1SG)
nu-dúmaka
sleep(1SG)
"I pretended (that) I was asleep."
Kofí
Kofi
trɔ
turn(PFV)
dzo
leave(PFV)
kpoo
quietly
"Kofi turned and left quietly."
hena
NEG
nihiwawaka
go(1SG)
nu-tšereka
speak(1SG)
nu-yaka-u
mother(1SG)
abi
with
"I am not going to talk with my mother."
Switch-reference Jan 6 (Nov 15)
yá·saʼ
again
duléʼšugi
he.is.reaching.toward.him
yá·saʼ
again
gedumbéc̓edášaʼi
he.is.going.to.poke.him
"Again he is reaching toward him, again he will poke him" (same subject)
mémluyi
you.eat
-š
-DS
lémehi
I.will.drink
"If you eat, I will drink" (different subjects)
Kathryn
Kathryn
gʲà
'she-it'
kwút
write.PF
gɔ
and.DS
Esther-àl
Esther-too
gʲà
'she-it'
kwút
write.PF
Kathryn wrote a letter and Esther wrote one, too.
Consequential mood Jan 6 (Nov 19)
nutar-qapiar-aur-llini-a-ata
new-very-continue-apparently-CNSQ-3PL
soup-i-lu-ki
soup-make-SUB-R/3PL
kenir-lar-a-nka
cook-HAB-TR.IND-1SG/3PL
'Because they were very fresh, I would cook them, making soup.'
Dubitative mood (Eskimo) Jan 6 (Nov 19)
taatna-tun
thatway-SIM.S
qasruniq-mi
eddy-LOC.S
nutqaŋa+kmaŋaata
stop+DUB.3P
qiñiq+iaq+naq+tut
see-go.to.V-should.be.Ved-IND.3P
'You should go to see whether they [salmon] have stopped at the eddy like that.'
Noun Class Jan 6 (Nov 24)
Kitabu
CL7-book
kikubwa
CL7-big
kinaanguka.
CL7-PRS-fall
'The big book falls.'
Mtoto
CL1-child
wangu
CL1-my
alikinunua
CL1-PST-CL7-buy
kitabu.
CL7-book
'My child bought a book.'
Georgian grammar Jan 6 (Nov 27)
Me
I-NOM
dedas
my mother-DAT
ts'erils
letter-DAT
vts'er.
write-PRES
Transitive verb Jan 6 (Nov 27)
ʔi=na-fa-rawani=nia
3SG=REAL-CAUS-good=3SG
‘He treated her well.’[5]
ʔi=na-fa-afelo=ia
3SG=REAL-CAUS-bad=3SG
‘He destroyed it (lit. caused it to be bad).’
ʔi=na-fa-afelo-a
3SG=REAL-CAUS-bad-TR
mei
the
pifine
woman
‘He treated the woman badly.’
Navajo language Jan 6 (Nov 15)
Mósí
cat
shee
with-1SG
hólǫ́.
exist-SG-spatial-3SG-IPFV
'I have a cat.'
Mósí
cat
shee
with-1SG
dahólǫ́.
exist-PL-spatial-3SG-IPFV
'I have cats.'
Atʼééd
girl
ashkii
boy
yiyiiłtsą́.
3.OBJ-3.SUBJ-saw
'The girl saw the boy.'
Ashkii
boy
atʼééd
girl
yiyiiłtsą́.
3.OBJ-3.SUBJ-saw
'The boy saw the girl.'
Hadza language Jan 8 (Nov 25)
hanta-i-i
(hanta-ta-te
zebra-DO.3fs-IMP
"A zebra!"
qhasha-i-i
(qhasha-ta-te
carry-DO.3fs-IMP
"Carry it!
kw-i-ko-o
kw-i-kwa-te)
give-DO.3fs-IO.3fs-IMP
"Give it to me!"
Wagiman language Mar 1 (Nov 25)
dabuldabulp
smoke.RDP
ga-ya
3sg.PRS.go
'S/he smokes all the time.' Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);
Zapotec language Mar 1 (Nov 28)
Ù-dììny
completive-hit
Juáàny
Juan
bèʔcw.
dog
Laad
FOC
ʂ-unaa
POSS-woman
Dolf
Rodolfo
d͡ʒe
already
z-u
PROG-stand
nga.
there
"Rodolfo’s wife was already standing there."
Túú
who
ù-dììny
completive-hit
bè'cw?
dog
"Who hit the dog?"
Izi language Mar 1 (Nov 28)
sʊ́
Say
ɪꜜjá
him
lɛ
that
ɔ̀ɔ́
it is
ńdʊ́
people
mkpùkpú
village
̂ànji
our
́kùrù
called
mí́tìná
meeting
ònó
that
"Tell him it is the people of our village who called that meeting."
é,
yes,
lɛ́
in
mgbábʊ̀
garden
lɛ
in
ɛ̀ká
place
ònó
that
"Yes, in the garden there."
ḿꜜbʊ́
meaning
ndʊ
people
kɛ
of
ónjìkwá
Onyikwa?
"You mean Onyikwa people?"
Amharic Mar 1 (Dec 4)
ኢትዮጵያ
ʾItyop̣p̣ya
Ethiopia
አፍሪቃ
ʾAfrika
Africa
ውስጥ
wǝsṭ
inside
ናት
nat
is
'Ethiopia is in Africa.'
ልጁ
Lǝǧ-u
the boy
ተኝቷል
täññǝtʷall.
asleep is
'The boy is asleep.' (-u is a definite article. Lǝǧ is 'boy'. Lǝǧu is 'the boy')
አየሩ
Ayyäru
the weather
ደስ
däss
pleasant
ይላል
yǝlall.
is
'The weather is pleasant.'
እሱ
Ǝssu
he
ወደ
wädä
to
ከተማ
kätäma
city
መጣ
mäṭṭa
came
'He came to the city.'
አልማዝን
almazǝn
Almaz-ACC
አየኋት
ayyähʷ-at
I saw her
'I saw Almaz.'
ለአልማዝ
läʾalmaz
for-Almaz
በሩን
bärrun
door-DEF-ACC
ከፈትኩላት
käffätku-llat
I opened for her
'I opened the door for Almaz.'
በአልማዝ
bäʾalmaz
on-Almaz
በሩን
bärrun
door-DEF-ACC
ዘጋሁባት
zäggahu-bbat
I closed on her
'I closed the door on Almaz (to her detriment).'
Erromintxela language Mar 1 (Nov 25)
Warrongo language Mar 1 (Nov 15)
bama-nggo
man-ERG
warrngo
woman.ABS
mayga-n
tell-NF
yani-yal[11]
go-PURP
"The man told the woman to go." (main clause O coreferential with deleted S of the subordinate clause)
gorngga-do
husband-ERG
birgo
wife.ABS
mayga-n
tell-NF
wajo-gali-yal[12]
cook-ANTIP-PURP
"[The] husband told [his] wife to cook." (main clause O coreferential with A of subordinate clause, therefore antipassive is necessary)
Converb May 16
хүн
hün
human
инээж
inee-ž
laugh-ž
эхэлмэгц
ehel-megc
begin-megc
зүрх
zürh
heart
анхандаа
anh-and-aa
first-dative-reflexivepossessive
хүчтэй
hüčtej
strong
цохилж
cohil-ž
beat-ž
аажмаар
aažmaar
slowly
цохилтын
cohilt-yn
beat-genitive
хэм
hem
rhythm
нэг
neg
one
хэвэнд
hev-end
form-dative
ордог
or-dog
enter-participle_of_habit
байна.
baj-na.
be-nonpast
"As soon as a human begins to laugh, at first his heart beats strong and slowly the rhythm of the beat assumes one (continuous) form."
Би
Bi
I
…
…
хүмүүсийн
hümüüs-ijn
people-genitive
татгалзахыг
tatgalza-h-yg
hesitate-future_participle-accusative
тэвчиж
tevči-ž
bear-ž
чадахгүй
čada-h-güj
can-future_participle-negation
гэж
gež
that
айж
aj-ž
fear-ž
зарж
zar-ž
sell-ž
эхэлсэн.
ehel-sen.
begin-past
"I started my business, at the very beginning fearing that... I wouldn’t be able to bear the hesitating of the people."
Serbo-Croatian grammar May 19
Znam
know:PRS.1SG
pacijenta
patient:ACC.MSG
koji
which:NOM.MSG
je
be:AUX.3SG
upravo
just
ušao.
come_in:AP.MSG
"I know the patient who has just come in."
Bruny Island language May 19
MOTTI
moti
one
NYRAE
nairi
good
PARLERDI
palati
God
MOTTI
moti
one
NOVILLY
nowili
bad
RAEGEWROPPER
retji-ropa
devil
PARLERDI
palati
God
NYRAE
nairi
good
PARLERDI
palati
God
MAGGERER
makara
stop
WARRANGELLY
waran-ngali
sky
RAEGEWROPPER
retji-ropa
devil
MAGGERER
makara
stop
TOOGENNER
tökana
below
UENEE
wini
fire
NYRAE
nairi
good
PARLERVAR
palawa
native
LOGERNER
lookana
dead
TAGGERER
takara
goes
TEENNY
tini
road
LAWWAY
lawey
up
WARRANGELLY
waran-ngali
sky
PARLERDI
palati
God
NYRAE
nairi
good
RAEGE (etc.)
retji
white man
NOVILLY
nowili
bad
PARLERVAR
palawa
native
LOGERNER
lookana
dead
TAGGERER
takara
go
TEENNY
tini
road
TOOGUNNER
tökana
below
RAEGEWROPPER
retji-ropa
devil
UENEE
wini
fire
MAGGERER
makara
stop
UENEE
wini
fire
Maidu language May 19
- a)
-mym
that
majdym-kak'an-nik'i
man-is-my
heskym
friend
S-V-S
'That man is my friend.'
- b)
-jamanna
to the mountains
-niktynik'an
along with my younger brother
-lajmendi
in the summer
-'yk'oj'usas
I used to go
L-L-L-V
I used to go to the mountains with my younger brother in the summer.'
- c)
-his'usan
used to weave
-'anim
that
kylem
woman
-lolo
baskets
V-S-O
'That woman used to weave baskets.'
Awabakal language May 20
kariwang+ku
magpie+ERG
minaring
what(ABS)
eat+taan?
eat+PRES
'What does the magpie eat?'
minaring+ku
what+ERG
kariwang
magpie(ABS)
ta+taan
eat+PRES
'What eats the magpie?'
Jespersen's Cycle 2018-09-17
jeo
I
ne
NEG
dis.
say
(Old French)
'I do not say'
In Stage II both a preverbal and a postverbal element are obligatory:
je
I
ne
NEG
dis
say
pas.
NEG
(modern standard French)
'I do not say'
In Stage III the original preverbal element becomes optional or is lost altogether:
je
I
dis
say
pas.
NEG
(modern colloquial French)
'I do not say'
Siwi language 2019-02-17
akbər
robe
ə́nnəw
my
aməllal
white
dawok
that
'that white robe of mine'
- ^ Sadock 2000.
- ^ Bergsland 1997, p. 123.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Tsujimurawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Mithunwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Hafford, James. "Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary". p. 86.
{{cite web}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ Hafford, James. "Wuvulu Grammar and Vocabulary". p. 87.
{{cite web}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ These glosses are crude; these words do not translate into Swahili or English
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Krutwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Mirwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
Argia1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Tsunoda 2011, p. 423.
- ^ Tsunoda 2011, p. 446.
- ^ Souag, Lameen (2013). Berber and Arabic in Siwa (Egypt). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. p. 216. ISBN 978-3-89645-937-4.