Reliable publications include established newspapers, academic journals and books, textbooks, and other published sources with reputations for accuracy and fact-checking.
Unreliable sources include blog posts and other self-published works, press releases, and social media posts.
In order for a source to be considered verifiable, other editors should be able to consult the source.
Is the source independent of the subject?
Is the source connected in any way to the subject? This is especially important when writing biographies or about organizations.
For example, if you were writing a biography, sources like the person's webpage or personal blog would not be considered independent.
Is the source primary or secondary?
Primary sources include first-hand accounts, autobiographies, and other original content.
Wikipedia allows limited use of primary sources, but typically only for straightforward, descriptive statements of facts, and only if they are published and verifiable without requiring specialized knowledge.
Secondary sources should be the main basis for a biography on Wikipedia.
If you're working on a topic related to medicine or psychology, ensure that your sources follow these special guidelines.
If you're creating a new article, consider the following:
Ensure that your topic meets Wikipedia's notability guidelines.
In order for a topic to meet the notability requirement, you must be able to identify 2-3 sources that are reliable, verifiable, and independent of the subject you're writing about.
Finding sufficient sources to establish notability can be especially hard when writing about people or organizations.
Sources that are not independent of the subject might be useful additions, but don't count towards the notability requirement.
Wikipedia has developed special guidelines for writing about living persons. Please follow these carefully.
Wikipedia has a series of guidelines for writing about different categories of people, such as academics and artists. If you're trying to create a new entry about a living person, please look at these carefully.
If you're not sure whether a source is reliable, ask a librarian! If you have questions about Wikipedia's sourcing rules, you can use the Get Help button below to contact your Wikipedia Expert.
DeSilva, J., “First Steps: How Upright Walking Made Us Human” Harper Collins (New York), (2021)
Lovejoy, C. O., & McCollum, M. A. (2010). Spinopelvic pathways to bipedality: why no hominids ever relied on a bent-hip-bent-knee gait. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 365(1556), 3289–3299. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20778968
Pontzer, H. (2012). Ecological Energetics in Early <em>Homo</em>. Current Anthropology, 53(S6), S346–S358. https://doi.org/10.1086/667402
Thorpe, S. K. S., Holder, R. L., & Crompton, R. H. (2007). Origin of Human Bipedalism as an Adaptation for Locomotion on Flexible Branches. Science, 316(5829), 1328–1331. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20036393
Trevathan, W. R. (1996). The Evolution of Bipedalism and Assisted Birth. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 10(2), 287–290. http://www.jstor.org/stable/649332
