User:Mr. Ibrahem/Typhoid vaccine

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Not to be confused with typhus vaccine.

Mr. Ibrahem/Typhoid vaccine
Typhoid vaccine
Vaccine description
TargetTyphoid
Clinical data
Trade namesTyphim Vi, Vivotif, Zerotyph, Typherix[1]
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa607028
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B2
Legal status
Legal status
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Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever.[2][3] Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live vaccine given by mouth) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine).[2] They are about 30 to 70% effective for the first two years depending on the specific vaccine in question.[4] The Vi-rEPA vaccine has been shown to be efficacious in children.[4]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccinating all children in areas where the disease is common.[2] Otherwise they recommend vaccinating those at high risk.[2] Vaccination campaigns can also be used to control outbreaks of disease.[2] Depending on the vaccine, additional doses are recommended every three to seven years.[2] In the United States the vaccine is only recommended in those at high risk such as travelers to areas of the world where the disease is common.[5]

The vaccines available as of 2018 are very safe.[2] Minor side effects may occur at the site of injection.[2] The injectable vaccine is safe in people with HIV/AIDS and the oral vaccine can be used as long as symptoms are not present.[2] While it has not been studied during pregnancy, the non-live vaccines are believed to be safe while the live vaccine is not recommended.[2]

The first typhoid vaccines were developed in 1896 by Almroth Edward Wright, Richard Pfeiffer, and Wilhelm Kolle.[6] Due to side-effects newer formulations are recommended as of 2018.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$4.44 per dose as of 2014.[8] In the United States they cost $25–50.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Prevatt, Natalie; Behrens, Ron H. (2021). "23. Paediatric vaccines for travel outside Europe". In Vesikari, Timo; Damme, Pierre Van (eds.). Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations: A European Textbook (Second ed.). Switzerland: Springer. pp. 273–274. ISBN 978-3-030-77172-0. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k World Health Organization (2018). "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper – March 2018". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 93 (13): 153–172. hdl:10665/272273. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  3. ^ World Health Organization (2019). "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018 - Recommendations". Vaccine. 37 (2): 214–216. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.022. PMID 29661581.
  4. ^ a b Milligan, R; Paul, M; Richardson, M; Neuberger, A (May 2018). "Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5: CD001261. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4. PMC 6494485. PMID 29851031.
  5. ^ "Typhoid VIS". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  6. ^ Flower, Darren R. (2008). Bioinformatics for Vaccinology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9780470699829. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
  7. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  8. ^ "Vaccine, Typhoid". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  9. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 317. ISBN 9781284057560.
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