User:Mr. Ibrahem/Scabies

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For psychological condition, see The seven-year itch.
Scabies
Other namesSeven-year itch[1]
Magnified view of a burrowing trail of the scabies mite. The scaly patch on the left was caused by scratching and marks the mite's entry point into the skin. The mite has burrowed to the top-right, where it can be seen as a dark spot at the end.
SpecialtyInfectious disease, dermatology
Symptomsitchiness, pimple-like rash[2]
Usual onset2–6 weeks (first infection), ~1 day (subsequent infections)[2]
CausesSarcoptes scabiei mite spread by close contact[3]
Risk factorsCrowded living conditions (child care facilities, group homes, prisons), lack of access to water[3][4]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms[5]
Differential diagnosisSeborrheic dermatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, pediculosis, atopic dermatitis[6]
MedicationPermethrin, crotamiton, lindane, ivermectin[7]
Frequency204 million / 2.8% (2015)[8]

Scabies (also known as the seven-year itch) is a contagious skin infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei.[1][3] The most common symptoms are severe itchiness and a pimple-like rash.[2] Occasionally, tiny burrows may appear on the skin.[2] In a first-ever infection, infected person will usually develop symptoms within two to six weeks.[2] During a second infection, symptoms may begin within 24 hours.[2] These symptoms can be present across most of the body or just certain areas such as the wrists, between fingers, or along the waistline.[2] The head may be affected, but this is typically only in young children.[2] The itch is often worse at night.[2] Scratching may cause skin breakdown and an additional bacterial infection in the skin.[2]

Scabies is caused by infection with the female mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, an ectoparasite.[3] The mites burrow into the skin to live and deposit eggs.[3] The symptoms of scabies are due to an allergic reaction to the mites.[2] Often, only between 10 and 15 mites are involved in an infection.[2] Scabies is most often spread during a relatively long period of direct skin contact with an infected person (at least 10 minutes) such as that which may occur during sex or living together.[3][9] Spread of disease may occur even if the person has not developed symptoms yet.[10] Crowded living conditions, such as those found in child-care facilities, group homes, and prisons, increase the risk of spread.[3] Areas with a lack of access to water also have higher rates of disease.[4] Crusted scabies is a more severe form of the disease.[3] It typically only occurs in those with a poor immune system and people may have millions of mites, making them much more contagious.[3] In these cases, spread of infection may occur during brief contact or by contaminated objects.[3] The mite is very small and usually not directly visible.[3] Diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms.[5]

A number of medications are available to treat those infected, including permethrin, crotamiton, and lindane creams and ivermectin pills.[7] Sexual contacts within the last month and people who live in the same house should also be treated at the same time.[10] Bedding and clothing used in the last three days should be washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer.[10] As the mite does not live for more than three days away from human skin, more washing is not needed.[10] Symptoms may continue for two to four weeks following treatment.[10] If after this time symptoms continue, retreatment may be needed.[10]

Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children, along with ringworm and bacterial skin infections.[11] As of 2015, it affects about 204 million people (2.8% of the world population).[8] It is equally common in both sexes.[12] The young and the old are more commonly affected.[5] It also occurs more commonly in the developing world and tropical climates.[5] The word scabies is from Latin: scabere, "to scratch".[13] Other animals do not spread human scabies.[3] Infection in other animals is typically caused by slightly different but related mites and is known as sarcoptic mange.[14]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Gates, Robert H. (2003). Infectious disease secrets (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier, Hanley Belfus. p. 355. ISBN 978-1-56053-543-0. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Parasites – Scabies Disease". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Epidemiology & Risk Factors". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  4. ^ a b "WHO -Water-related Disease". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2010-10-22. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  5. ^ a b c d "Scabies". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  6. ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2010). "Chapter S". Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. ISBN 978-0323076999.
  7. ^ a b "Parasites – Scabies Medications". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  8. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Dressler, C; Rosumeck, S; Sunderkötter, C; Werner, RN; Nast, A (14 November 2016). "The Treatment of Scabies". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 113 (45): 757–62. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0757. PMC 5165060. PMID 27974144.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "Parasites - Scabies Treatment". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  11. ^ Andrews RM, McCarthy J, Carapetis JR, Currie BJ (December 2009). "Skin disorders, including pyoderma, scabies, and tinea infections". Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 56 (6): 1421–40. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2009.09.002. PMID 19962029.
  12. ^ Vos, T (Dec 15, 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  13. ^ Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (4 ed.). Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1994. p. 1395. ISBN 9780801672255.
  14. ^ Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians (10 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014. p. 68. ISBN 9781455739882. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
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