User:Mr. Ibrahem/Psoriasis
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| Psoriasis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Back and arms of a person with psoriasis | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Dermatology |
| Symptoms | Red (purple on darker skin), itchy, scaly patches of skin[3] |
| Complications | Psoriatic arthritis[4] |
| Usual onset | Adults[5] |
| Duration | Long term[4] |
| Causes | Genetic disease triggered by environmental factors[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms[4] |
| Treatment | Steroid creams, vitamin D3 cream, ultraviolet light, immune system suppressing medications such as methotrexate[6] |
| Frequency | 79.7 million[7] / 2–4%[8] |
Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease characterized by raised areas of abnormal skin.[6] These areas are typically red, or purple on some people with darker skin,[9] dry, itchy, and scaly.[3] Psoriasis varies in severity from small, localized patches to complete body coverage.[3] Injury to the skin can trigger psoriatic skin changes at that spot, which is known as the Koebner phenomenon.[10]
There are five main types of psoriasis: plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular, and erythrodermic.[6] Plaque psoriasis, also known as psoriasis vulgaris, makes up about 90 percent of cases.[4] It typically presents as red patches with white scales on top.[4] Areas of the body most commonly affected are the back of the forearms, shins, navel area, and scalp.[4] Guttate psoriasis has drop-shaped lesions.[6] Pustular psoriasis presents as small non-infectious pus-filled blisters.[11] Inverse psoriasis forms red patches in skin folds.[6] Erythrodermic psoriasis occurs when the rash becomes very widespread, and can develop from any of the other types.[4] Fingernails and toenails are affected in most people with psoriasis at some point in time.[4] This may include pits in the nails or changes in nail color.[4]
Psoriasis is generally thought to be a genetic disease that is triggered by environmental factors.[3] If one twin has psoriasis, the other twin is three times more likely to be affected if the twins are identical than if they are non-identical.[4] This suggests that genetic factors predispose to psoriasis.[4] Symptoms often worsen during winter and with certain medications, such as beta blockers or NSAIDs.[4] Infections and psychological stress can also play a role.[3][6] Psoriasis is not contagious.[4] The underlying mechanism involves the immune system reacting to skin cells.[4] Diagnosis is typically based on the signs and symptoms.[4]
There is no cure for psoriasis; however, various treatments can help control the symptoms.[4] These treatments include steroid creams, vitamin D3 cream, ultraviolet light and immune system suppressing medications, such as methotrexate.[6] About 75 percent of skin involvement improves with creams alone.[4] The disease affects two to four percent of the population.[8] Men and women are affected with equal frequency.[6] The disease may begin at any age, but typically starts in adulthood.[5] Psoriasis is associated with an increased risk of psoriatic arthritis, lymphomas, cardiovascular disease, Crohn disease, and depression.[4] Psoriatic arthritis affects up to 30 percent of individuals with psoriasis.[11]
References[edit]
- ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917]. Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8.
- ^ "Psoriasis". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ a b c d e f Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Van Voorhees AS, Leonardi CL, Gordon KB, et al. (May 2008). "Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 58 (5): 826–50. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.039. PMID 18423260.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Boehncke WH, Schön MP (September 2015). "Psoriasis". Lancet. 386 (9997): 983–94. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61909-7. PMID 26025581.
- ^ a b "Questions and Answers About Psoriasis". www.niams.nih.gov. 2017-04-12. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Questions and Answers about Psoriasis". National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. October 2013. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
- ^ a b Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM (February 2013). "Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 133 (2). Identification and Management of Psoriasis and Associated ComorbidiTy (IMPACT) project team: 377–85. doi:10.1038/jid.2012.339. PMID 23014338.
- ^ LeMone, Priscilla; Burke, Karen; Dwyer, Trudy; Levett-Jones, Tracy; Moxham, Lorna; Reid-Searl, Kerry (2015). Medical-Surgical Nursing. Pearson Higher Education AU. p. 454. ISBN 9781486014408. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Ely JW, Seabury Stone M (March 2010). "The generalized rash: part II. Diagnostic approach". American Family Physician. 81 (6): 735–9. PMID 20229972. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02.
- ^ a b Jain, Sima (2012). Dermatology : illustrated study guide and comprehensive board review. Springer. pp. 83–87. ISBN 978-1-4419-0524-6. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.