User:Mr. Ibrahem/Petechiae
| Petechiae | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Petechia |
 | |
| Petechia and purpura on the low limb due to medication-induced vasculitis | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Specialty | Rheumatology |
| Symptoms | Red spots less than 2 mm[1] |
| Causes | Infections: Enterovirus, Dengue, meningococcal disease[2] Injury: Non accidental trauma, coughing, vomiting[2] Blood disorders Leukemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura[2] Other Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, drug reactions, vitamin K deficiency[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Purpura, ecchymosis, hematoma[2][3] |
| Frequency | Common[2] |
Petechiae are small (less than 2 mm) red or purple spot in the skin or mucous membranes caused by minor bleeding from a broken capillary blood vessels.[1][3] They do not turn white when pushed on.[2] Some causes, such as coughing and vomiting, only produce petechiae above the nipple line.[2]
Causes include infections such as enterovirus, Dengue, or meningococcal disease; injury such as non accidental trauma, coughing, or vomiting; blood disorders such as leukemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura; vasculitis such as Henoch-Schonlein purpura; connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; drug reactions; and vitamin K deficiency.[2] The underlying mechanism involves bleeding into the skin, often as a result of low platelets, platelet dysfunction, blood clotting disorders, and loss of vascular integrity.[2]
Petechiae are one of the three types of bleeding into the skin, with the other two being purpura and ecchymosis (bruise).[4] Purpura are 2–10 millimetres in diameter while ecchymosis are defined as larger than 1 centimeter.[3][1] A hematoma in contrast is a deeper bruise.[3]
Treatment depends on the underlying cause.[2] This may vary from simply reassurance to intravenous antibiotics, or hospital admission.[2] Petechiae are common.[2] They represent the reason for about 2.5% of visits to pediatric emergency departments.[2] They were first described in 1855 by Auguste Ambroise Tardieu.[5] The word is derived from Latin for "a spot".[6]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Kumar, Vinay (2017). Robbins Basic Pathology. Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C.; Perkins, James A. (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. p. 101. ISBN 978-0323353175. OCLC 960844656.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n McGrath, A; Barrett, MJ (January 2021). "Petechiae". PMID 29493956.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d "Bleeding and bruising | DermNet NZ". dermnetnz.org. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ "Purpura". fpnotebook.com. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
- ^ Orient, Jane M.; Sapira, Joseph D. (2010). Sapira's Art & Science of Bedside Diagnosis. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-60547-411-3.
- ^ Talley, Nicholas J.; O’Connor, Simon (2013). Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7295-8147-9.