User:Mr. Ibrahem/Pancreatic cancer

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Pancreatic cancer
Diagram showing the position of the pancreas, behind the stomach (which is transparent in this schematic).
SpecialtyOncology
SymptomsYellow skin, abdominal or back pain, unexplained weight loss, light-colored stools, dark urine, loss of appetite[1]
Usual onset90% after age 50 years[2]
Risk factorsTobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes, certain rare genetic conditions[2]
Diagnostic methodMedical imaging, blood tests, tissue biopsy[3][4]
PreventionNot smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, low red meat diet[5]
TreatmentSurgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, palliative care[1]
PrognosisFive year survival rate 2% to 9%[6]
Frequency459,000 (2018)[7]
Deaths432,000 (2018)[7]

Pancreatic cancer arises when cells in the pancreas, a glandular organ behind the stomach, begin to multiply out of control and form a mass.[1] These cancerous cells have the ability to invade other parts of the body.[1] There are a number of types of pancreatic cancer.[6] The most common, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, accounts for about 90% of cases, and the term "pancreatic cancer" is often used to refer only to that type.[8] These adenocarcinomas start within the part of the pancreas which makes digestive enzymes.[9] Several other types, which collectively represent the majority of the non-adenocarcinomas, can also arise from these cells.[9] One to two percent of cases of pancreatic cancer are neuroendocrine tumors, which arise from the hormone-producing cells of the pancreas.[9] These are generally less aggressive than pancreatic adenocarcinoma.[9]

Symptoms of the most-common form may include yellow skin, abdominal or back pain, unexplained weight loss, light-colored stools, dark urine, and loss of appetite.[10] There are usually no symptoms in the early stages, and symptoms that are specific enough to suggest pancreatic cancer typically do not develop until the disease has reached an advanced stage.[10][11] By the time of diagnosis, pancreatic cancer has often spread to other parts of the body.[9][12]

Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include tobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes, and certain rare genetic conditions.[2] About 25% of cases are linked to smoking,[3] and 5–10% are linked to inherited genes.[11] Pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed by a combination of medical imaging techniques such as ultrasound or computed tomography, blood tests, and examination of tissue samples (biopsy).[3][4] The disease is divided into stages, from early (stage I) to late (stage IV).[12] Screening the general population has not been found to be effective.[13]

The risk of developing pancreatic cancer is lower among non-smokers, and people who maintain a healthy weight and limit their consumption of red or processed meat.[5] A smoker's chance of developing the disease decreases if they stop smoking and almost returns to that of the rest of the population after 20 years.[9] Treatment may be with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, palliative care, or a combination of these.[10] Options are partly based on the cancer stage.[10] Surgery is the only treatment that can cure pancreatic adenocarcinoma,[12] and may also be done to improve quality of life without the potential for cure.[10][12] Pain management and medications to improve digestion are sometimes needed.[12] Early palliative care is recommended even for those receiving treatment that aims for a cure.[14]

In 2018, pancreatic cancer resulted in 432,000 deaths globally, and is the seventh most-common cause of death from cancer.[7] It is the fifth most-common cause of death from cancer in the United Kingdom,[15] and the third most-common in the United States.[16] The average age of diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is 72-years, with around 90% of cases occurring in those over 50.[2] The disease occurs most often in the developed world, where about 70% of the new cases in 2012 originated.[9][9] Pancreatic adenocarcinoma typically has a very poor prognosis: after diagnosis, 25% of people survive one year and 5% live for five years.[17] For cancers diagnosed early, the five-year survival rate rises to about 20%.[18] Neuroendocrine cancers have better outcomes; at five years from diagnosis, 65% of those diagnosed are living, though survival varies considerably depending on the type of tumor.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ®)–Patient Version - NCI". www.cancer.gov. 11 December 2020. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d Franklin, Oskea; Sund, Marlin (2021). "1. Risk factors pancreatic cancer". In Søreide, Kjetil; Stättner, Stefan (eds.). Textbook of Pancreatic Cancer: Principles and Practice of Surgical Oncology. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 3–16. ISBN 978-3-030-53785-2. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  3. ^ a b c Wolfgang CL, Herman JM, Laheru DA, Klein AP, Erdek MA, Fishman EK, Hruban RH (September 2013). "Recent progress in pancreatic cancer". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 63 (5): 318–348. doi:10.3322/caac.21190. PMC 3769458. PMID 23856911.
  4. ^ a b Vincent A, Herman J, Schulick R, Hruban RH, Goggins M (August 2011). "Pancreatic cancer" (PDF). Lancet. 378 (9791): 607–620. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62307-0. PMC 3062508. PMID 21620466. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Can pancreatic cancer be prevented?". American Cancer Society. 11 June 2014. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  6. ^ a b Hu, JX; Zhao, CF; Chen, WB; Liu, QC; Li, QW; Lin, YY; Gao, F (21 July 2021). "Pancreatic cancer: A review of epidemiology, trend, and risk factors". World journal of gastroenterology. 27 (27): 4298–4321. doi:10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4298. PMID 34366606. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ a b c Heidinger, Gerald (2021). "2. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer". In Søreide, Kjetil; Stättner, Stefan (eds.). Textbook of Pancreatic Cancer: Principles and Practice of Surgical Oncology. Switzerland: Springer. pp. 17–28. ISBN 978-3-030-53785-2. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  8. ^ WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2019). "10. Tumours of the pancreas". Digestive System Tumours. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Lyon (France). pp. 295–372. ISBN 978-92-832-4499-8. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i World Cancer Report. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 5.7. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Patient Version". National Cancer Institute. National Institutes of Health. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  11. ^ a b Ryan, David P.; Hong, Theodore S.; Bardeesy, Nabeel (11 September 2014). "Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (11): 1039–1049. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1404198. PMID 25207767.
  12. ^ a b c d e Bond-Smith, G.; Banga, N.; Hammond, T. M.; Imber, C. J. (16 May 2012). "Pancreatic adenocarcinoma". BMJ. 344 (may16 1): e2476. doi:10.1136/bmj.e2476. PMID 22592847.
  13. ^ "Draft Recommendation Statement: Pancreatic Cancer: Screening – US Preventive Services Task Force". www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  14. ^ Bardou M, Le Ray I (December 2013). "Treatment of pancreatic cancer: A narrative review of cost-effectiveness studies". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 27 (6): 881–892. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2013.09.006. PMID 24182608.
  15. ^ "Cancer facts and figures – Why we exist – Pancreatic Cancer Research Fund". www.pcrf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  16. ^ "Pancreatic Cancer – Cancer Stat Facts". SEER. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  17. ^ "Cancer Facts & Figures 2010" (PDF). American Cancer Society. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2014. See p. 4 for incidence estimates, and p. 19 for survival percentages.
  18. ^ "Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (PDQ®) Health Professional Version". National Cancer Institute. National Institutes of Health. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014. "The highest cure rate occurs if the tumor is truly localized to the pancreas; however, this stage of disease accounts for less than 20% of cases. In cases with localized disease and small cancers (<2 cm) with no lymph node metastases and no extension beyond the capsule of the pancreas, complete surgical resection is still associated with a low actuarial five-year survival rate of 18% to 24%."
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