User:Mr. Ibrahem/Osteosarcoma
| Osteosarcoma | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Osteogenic sarcoma (OGS) |
 | |
| Intermediate-magnification micrograph of an osteosarcoma (center and right of image) adjacent to non-malignant bone (left-bottom of image): The top-right of the image has poorly differentiated tumor. Osteoid with a high density of malignant cells is seen between the non-malignant bone and poorly differentiated tumor (H&E stain). | |
| Specialty | Oncology |
| Symptoms | Bone pain[1] |
| Complications | Spread of the cancer, pathologic fracture[2][1] |
| Usual onset | 10 to 14 years old, > 65 years old[1] |
| Types | Primary, secondary[1] |
| Risk factors | Paget disease of bone, electrical burns, trauma, exposure to beryllium, alkylating agents, osteochondromatosis, enchondromatosis, fibrous dysplasia, prosthetics, bone infections[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Biopsy[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Ewing sarcoma, metastasis to bone, giant cell tumor, fibrosarcoma, fibrous dysplasia, osteomyelitis[1] |
| Treatment | Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy[1] |
| Prognosis | 5-year survival rate 76% for under 15 year old[2] |
| Frequency | 4.4 cases per million per year (in those under 25)[2] |
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a type of bone cancer.[1][3] The most common initial symptom is bone pain, which often gets worse with exercise.[1] In children more than half of cases occur in the long bones around the knee.[2] Spread of the cancer often occurs.[2] Other complications may include a pathologic fracture.[1]
The cause is often unclear.[1] Some cases occur secondary to Paget disease of bone, electrical burns, trauma, exposure to beryllium, alkylating agents, osteochondromatosis, enchondromatosis, fibrous dysplasia, prosthetics, or bone infections.[1] A number of genetic syndrome increase the risk including Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Bloom syndrome, or Werner syndrome.[1] It starts from primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells.[1] Diagnosis is by biopsy.[2]
Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.[1] Ongoing follow up is required to look for re-occurrence.[1] The 5-year survival rate in those under 15 is about 76%.[2] Outcomes are worse in adults.[1]
About 4.4 cases per million per year occur in those under the age of 25.[2] It is most common in those 10 to 14 years old and those over the age of 65.[1] It represents about 5% of cancer in children and about 20% of tumors that start within bone.[1][2] The term "osteosarcoma" was introduced in 1805 by Alexis Boyer.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Prater, S; McKeon, B (January 2020). "Osteosarcoma". PMID 31751058.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Osteosarcoma and Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma of Bone Treatment (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version - National Cancer Institute". www.cancer.gov. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ^ WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, ed. (2020). "Osteosarcoma". Soft Tissue and Bone Tumours: WHO Classification of Tumours. Vol. 3 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp. 403–409. ISBN 978-92-832-4503-2.
- ^ Jaffe, Norman; Bruland, Oyvind S.; Bielack, Stefan (2010). Pediatric and Adolescent Osteosarcoma. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 531. ISBN 978-1-4419-0284-9.