User:Mr. Ibrahem/Lysergic acid diethylamide

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"LSD" redirects here. For other uses, see LSD (disambiguation).

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
INN: Lysergide
2D structural formula and 3D models of LSD
Clinical data
Pronunciation/daɪ eθəl ˈæmaɪd/, /æmɪd/, or /eɪmaɪd/[1][2][3]
Other namesLSD, LSD-25, Acid, Delysid, others
AHFS/Drugs.comReference
Dependence
liability		Low[4]
Addiction
liability		Low-rare[5]
Routes of
administration		By mouth, under the tongue, intravenous
Drug classHallucinogen (serotonergic psychedelic)
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability71%[6]
Protein bindingUnknown[7]
MetabolismLiver (CYP450)[6]
Metabolites2-Oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD[6]
Onset of action30–40 minutes[8]
Elimination half-life3.6 hours[6][9]
Duration of action8–12 hours[10]
ExcretionKidneys[6][9]
Identifiers
  • (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H25N3O
Molar mass323.440 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point80 to 85 °C (176 to 185 °F)
  • CCN(CC)C(=O)[C@H]1CN([C@@H]2Cc3c[nH]c4c3c(ccc4)C2=C1)C
  • InChI=1S/C20H25N3O/c1-4-23(5-2)20(24)14-9-16-15-7-6-8-17-19(15)13(11-21-17)10-18(16)22(3)12-14/h6-9,11,14,18,21H,4-5,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,18-/m1/s1 checkY
  • Key:VAYOSLLFUXYJDT-RDTXWAMCSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD),[a] also known colloquially as acid, is a hallucinogenic drug.[11] Effects typically include altered thoughts, feelings, and awareness of one's surroundings.[11] Many users see or hear things that do not exist.[12] Dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased body temperature are typical.[13] Effects typically begin within half an hour and can last for up to 12 hours.[13] It is used mainly as a recreational drug or for spiritual reasons.[13][14]

LSD does not appear to be addictive, although tolerance may occur with use of increasing doses.[11][15] Adverse psychiatric reactions are possible, such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions.[7] Distressing flashbacks might occur in spite of no further use, a condition called hallucinogen persisting perception disorder.[16][17] Death is very rare as a direct result of LSD, though it occasionally occurs as the result of accidents or reckless behavior.[13] The effects of LSD are believed to occur as a result of alterations in the serotonin system.[13] As little as 20 micrograms can produce a noticeable effect.[13] In pure form, LSD is clear or white in color, has no smell, and is crystalline.[11] It breaks down with exposure to ultraviolet light.[13]

About 10 percent of people in the United States have used LSD at some point in their lives as of 2017, while 0.7 percent have used it in the last year.[12] It was most popular in the 1960s to 1980s.[13] The use of LSD among US adults increased 56% from 2015 to 2018.[18] LSD is typically either swallowed or held under the tongue.[11] It is most often sold on blotter paper and less commonly as tablets or in gelatin squares.[13] There are no known treatments for LSD addiction, though behavioral therapy is being studied.[16]

LSD was first made by Albert Hofmann in 1938 from lysergic acid, a chemical from the fungus ergot.[13][16] Hofmann discovered its hallucinogenic properties in 1943.[19] In the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) believed that the drug might be useful for mind control, so they tested it on people, some without their knowledge, in a program called MKUltra.[20] LSD was sold as a medication for research purposes under the trade-name Delysid in the 1950s and 1960s.[13][21] It was listed as a schedule 1 controlled substance by the United Nations in 1971.[13] It currently has no approved medical use.[13] In Europe, as of 2011, the typical cost of a dose was between €4.50 and €25.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Definition of "amide"". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  2. ^ "American Heritage Dictionary Entry: amide". Ahdictionary.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  3. ^ "amide – definition of amide in English from the Oxford Dictionary". Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  4. ^ Halpern, John H.; Suzuki, Joji; Huertas, Pedro E.; Passie, Torsten (June 7, 2014). "Hallucinogen Abuse and Dependence". In Price, Lawrence H.; Stolerman, Ian P. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology A Springer Live Reference. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_43-2. ISBN 978-3-642-27772-6. Hallucinogen abuse and dependence are known complications resulting from ... LSD and psilocybin. Users do not experience withdrawal symptoms, but the general criteria for substance abuse and dependence otherwise apply. Dependence is estimated in approximately 2 % of recent-onset users
  5. ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 375. ISBN 9780071481274. Several other classes of drugs are categorized as drugs of abuse but rarely produce compulsive use. These include psychedelic agents, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
  6. ^ a b c d e Dolder PC, Schmid Y, Haschke M, Rentsch KM, Liechti ME (June 2015). "Pharmacokinetics and Concentration-Effect Relationship of Oral LSD in Humans". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 19 (1): pyv072. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv072. PMC 4772267. PMID 26108222.
  7. ^ a b Passie T, Halpern JH, Stichtenoth DO, Emrich HM, Hintzen A (2008). "The pharmacology of lysergic acid diethylamide: a review". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 14 (4): 295–314. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2008.00059.x. PMC 6494066. PMID 19040555.
  8. ^ Neinstein, Lawrence S. (2008). Adolescent Health Care: A Practical Guide. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 931. ISBN 9780781792561. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  9. ^ a b Mucke HA (July 2016). "From Psychiatry to Flower Power and Back Again: The Amazing Story of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide". Assay and Drug Development Technologies. 14 (5): 276–281. doi:10.1089/adt.2016.747. PMID 27392130.
  10. ^ Kranzler, Henry R.; Ciraulo, Domenic A. (April 2, 2007). Clinical Manual of Addiction Psychopharmacology. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 216. ISBN 9781585626632. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e "What are hallucinogens?". National Institute of Drug Abuse. January 2016. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  12. ^ a b Abuse, National Institute on Drug. "Hallucinogens". Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "LSD profile (chemistry, effects, other names, synthesis, mode of use, pharmacology, medical use, control status)". EMCDDA. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  14. ^ "How LSD Went From Research to Religion | JSTOR Daily". JSTOR Daily. July 19, 2016. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  15. ^ Lüscher C, Ungless MA (November 2006). "The mechanistic classification of addictive drugs". PLOS Medicine. 3 (11): e437. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030437. PMC 1635740. PMID 17105338.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ a b c "Commonly Abused Drugs Charts". National Institute on Drug Abuse. July 2, 2018. Archived from the original on March 1, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  17. ^ Halpern JH, Lerner AG, Passie T (2018). A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD. Vol. 36. pp. 333–360. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_457. ISBN 978-3-662-55878-2. PMID 27822679. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Yockey, R. Andrew; Vidourek, Rebecca A.; King, Keith A. (July 1, 2020). "Trends in LSD use among US adults: 2015–2018". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 212: 108071. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108071. ISSN 0376-8716. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  19. ^ "Hallucinogenic effects of LSD discovered". The History Channel. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014.
  20. ^ Nofil, Brianna. "The CIA's Appalling Human Experiments With Mind Control". History Channel. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  21. ^ "LSD: cultural revolution and medical advances". Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.


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