User:Mr. Ibrahem/Lupus
| Lupus | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
 | |
| Young woman with the typical butterfly rash found in lupus | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Rheumatology |
| Symptoms | Painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, feeling tired, red rash[1] |
| Usual onset | 15–45 years of age[1][2] |
| Duration | Long term[1] |
| Causes | Unclear[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms and blood tests[1] |
| Medication | NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate[1] |
| Prognosis | 15 year survival ~80%[3] |
| Frequency | 2–7 per 10,000[2] |
Lupus, technically known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body.[1] Symptoms vary between people and may be mild to severe.[1] Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, feeling tired, and a red rash which is most commonly on the face.[1] Often there are periods of illness, called flares, and periods of remission during which there are few symptoms.[1]
The cause is not clear.[1] It is thought to involve genetics together with environmental factors.[4] Among identical twins, if one is affected there is a 24% chance the other one will be as well.[1] Female sex hormones, sunlight, smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and certain infections are also believed to increase the risk.[4] The mechanism involves an immune response by autoantibodies against a person's own tissues.[1] These are most commonly anti-nuclear antibodies and they result in inflammation.[1] Diagnosis can be difficult and is based on a combination of symptoms and laboratory tests.[1] There are a number of other kinds of lupus erythematosus including discoid lupus erythematosus, neonatal lupus, and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus.[1]
There is no cure.[1] Treatments may include NSAIDs, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, hydroxychloroquine, and methotrexate.[1] Although corticosteroids are rapidly effective, long term use results in side effects.[5] Alternative medicine has not been shown to affect the disease.[1] Life expectancy is lower among people with SLE.[6] SLE significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease with this being the most common cause of death.[4] With modern treatment about 80% of those affected survive more than 15 years.[3] Women with lupus have pregnancies that are higher risk but are mostly successful.[1]
Rate of SLE varies between countries from 20 to 70 per 100,000.[2] Women of childbearing age are affected about nine times more often than men.[4] While it most commonly begins between the ages of 15 and 45, a wide range of ages can be affected.[1][2] Those of African, Caribbean, and Chinese descent are at higher risk than white people.[4][2] Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear.[7] Lupus is Latin for "wolf": the disease was so-named in the 13th century as the rash was thought to appear like a wolf's bite.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Handout on Health: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus". www.niams.nih.gov. February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Danchenko, N.; Satia, J.A.; Anthony, M.S. (2006). "Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden". Lupus. 15 (5): 308–318. doi:10.1191/0961203306lu2305xx. PMID 16761508.
- ^ a b The Cleveland Clinic Intensive Review of Internal Medicine (5 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. p. 969. ISBN 9781451153309. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Lisnevskaia, L; Murphy, G; Isenberg, D (22 November 2014). "Systemic lupus erythematosus". Lancet. 384 (9957): 1878–88. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1008.5428. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60128-8. PMID 24881804.
- ^ Davis, Laurie S.; Reimold, Andreas M. (April 2017). "Research and therapeutics—traditional and emerging therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus". Rheumatology. 56 (suppl_1): i100–i113. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew417. PMC 5850311. PMID 28375452.
- ^ Murphy, G; Isenberg, D (December 2013). "Effect of gender on clinical presentation in systemic lupus erythematosus". Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 52 (12): 2108–15. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket160. PMID 23641038.
- ^ Tiffin, N; Adeyemo, A; Okpechi, I (7 January 2013). "A diverse array of genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 8: 2. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-8-2. PMC 3551738. PMID 23289717.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Chabner, Davi-Ellen (2013). The Language of Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 610. ISBN 978-1455728466. Archived from the original on 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2020-08-04.