User:Mr. Ibrahem/Leprosy

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For other uses, see User:Mr. Ibrahem/Leprosy (disambiguation).
Leprosy
Other namesHansen disease (HD)[1]
Rash on the chest and abdomen due to leprosy
Pronunciation
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsDecreased ability to feel pain[3]
CausesMycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis[4][5]
Risk factorsClose contact with a case of leprosy, living in poverty[3][6]
TreatmentMultidrug therapy[4]
MedicationRifampicin, dapsone, clofazimine[3]
Frequency127,558 (2020)[7]

Leprosy, also known as Hansen disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.[4][8] Infection can lead to damage of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes.[4] This nerve damage may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of a person's extremities from repeated injuries or infection due to unnoticed wounds.[3] An infected person may also experience muscle weakness and poor eyesight.[3] Leprosy symptoms may begin within one year, but for some people symptoms may take 20 years or more to occur.[4]

Leprosy is spread between people, although extensive contact is necessary.[3][9] About 95% of people who contract M. leprae do not develop the disease.[10] Spread is thought to occur through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of a person infected by leprosy.[9][10] Genetic factors and immune function play a role in how easily a person catches the disease.[10][11] Leprosy does not spread during pregnancy to the unborn children, or through sexual contact.[9] Leprosy occurs more commonly among people living in poverty.[3] The two main types of disease – paucibacillary and multibacillary – differ in the number of bacteria present.[3] A person with paucibacillary disease has five or fewer poorly pigmented numb skin patches while a person with multibacillary disease has more than five skin patches.[3] The diagnosis is confirmed by finding acid-fast bacilli in a biopsy of the skin.[3]

Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy.[4] Treatment of paucibacillary leprosy is with the medications dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine for six months.[10] Treatment for multibacillary leprosy uses the same medications for 12 months.[10] A number of other antibiotics may also be used.[3] These treatments are provided free of charge by the World Health Organization.[4] People with leprosy can live with their families and go to school and work.[12]

Worldwide, 16 countries account for over 95% of cases, with 80% of the total occurring in India, Brazil and Indonesia.[13] In 2018, there were 209,000 leprosy cases globally, down from 5.2 million in the 1980s.[14][15][16] In the 20 years from 1994 to 2014, 16 million people worldwide were cured of leprosy.[4] 127,558 new cases were detected globally in 2020.[7] About 200 cases per year are reported in the United States.[17] In the US, 90% of cases are imported, but it is endemic in Hawaii and the coasts of southeastern US.[13]

Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years.[3] The disease takes its name from the Greek word λέπρᾱ (léprā), from λεπῐ́ς (lepís; "scale"), while the term "Hansen's disease" is named after the Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen.[3] Leprosy has historically been associated with social stigma, which continues to be a barrier to self-reporting and early treatment.[4] Separating people affected by leprosy by placing them in leper colonies still occurs in some areas of India,[18] China,[19] Africa.[20] and Thailand.[21] Most colonies have closed, as leprosy is not very contagious.[20] Some consider the word "leper" offensive, preferring the phrase "person affected with leprosy".[22] Leprosy is classified as a neglected tropical disease.[23] World Leprosy Day was started in 1954 to draw awareness to those affected by leprosy.[24]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Worobec, SM (2008). "Treatment of leprosy/Hansen's disease in the early 21st century". Dermatologic Therapy. 22 (6): 518–37. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01274.x. PMID 19889136.
  2. ^ "Definition of leprosy". The Free Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2015-01-25.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Suzuki K, Akama T, Kawashima A, Yoshihara A, Yotsu RR, Ishii N (February 2012). "Current status of leprosy: epidemiology, basic science and clinical perspectives". The Journal of Dermatology. 39 (2): 121–9. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01370.x. PMID 21973237.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Leprosy Fact sheet N°101". World Health Organization. January 2014. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12.
  5. ^ "New Leprosy Bacterium: Scientists Use Genetic Fingerprint To Nail 'Killing Organism'". ScienceDaily. 2008-11-28. Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
  6. ^ Schreuder, P.A.M.; Noto, S.; Richardus J.H. (January 2016). "Epidemiologic trends of leprosy for the 21st century". Clinics in Dermatology. 34 (1): 24–31. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.001. PMID 26773620.
  7. ^ a b "Leprosy". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  8. ^ Sotiriou, MC; Stryjewska, BM; Hill, C (7 September 2016). "Two Cases of Leprosy in Siblings Caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Review of the Literature". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 95 (3): 522–7. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0076. PMC 5014252. PMID 27402522.
  9. ^ a b c "Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Transmission". cdc.gov. April 29, 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Leprosy. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274127/9789290226383-eng.pdf?ua=1: World Health Organization. 2018. pp. xiii. ISBN 978-92-9022-638-3. {{cite book}}: External link in |location= (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. ^ Montoya, D; Modlin, RL (2010). "Learning from leprosy: insight into the human innate immune response". Advances in Immunology. 105: 1–24. doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(10)05001-7. ISBN 9780123813022. PMID 20510728.
  12. ^ CDC (2018-01-26). "World Leprosy Day". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2019-06-15. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  13. ^ a b James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "17. Hansen disease". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 336–346. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
  14. ^ "Leprosy". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  15. ^ "Global leprosy situation, 2012". Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 87 (34): 317–28. August 2012. PMID 22919737.
  16. ^ Rodrigues LC; Lockwood DNj (June 2011). "Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 11 (6): 464–70. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70006-8. PMID 21616456.
  17. ^ "Hansen's Disease Data & Statistics". Health Resources and Services Administration. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  18. ^ Walsh F (2007-03-31). "The hidden suffering of India's lepers". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2007-05-29.
  19. ^ Lyn TE (2006-09-13). "Ignorance breeds leper colonies in China". Independat News & Media. Archived from the original on 2010-04-08. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
  20. ^ a b Byrne, Joseph P. (2008). Encyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues. Westport, Conn.[u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-313-34102-1.
  21. ^ Pisuthipan, Arusa (6 July 2020). "Forgotten victims of the virus". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  22. ^ editors, Enrico Nunzi, Cesare Massone (2012). Leprosy a practical guide. Milan: Springer. p. 326. ISBN 978-88-470-2376-5. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "Neglected Tropical Diseases". cdc.gov. June 6, 2011. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  24. ^ McMenamin, Dorothy (2011). Leprosy and stigma in the South Pacific: a region-by-region history with first person accounts. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-7864-6323-7. Archived from the original on 2016-05-19.
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