User:Mr. Ibrahem/Laryngospasm
| Laryngospasm | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Munchausen stridor, spastic vocal cord adduction, episodic laryngeal dyskinesia[1] |
 | |
| A drawing of closed vocal cords such as would be seen in laryngospasm | |
| Specialty | ENT surgery, anesthesia |
| Symptoms | Stridor, increased effort to breath, tracheal tug[2][3] |
| Complications | Low oxygen, slow heart rate, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrest[3] |
| Types | Partial, complete[2] |
| Risk factors | Airway irritation, history of asthma, certain medications, smoking[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Apnea, breath holding, bronchospasm, pulmonary aspiration[2] |
| Treatment | Jaw thrust, positive pressure ventilation, laryngospasm notch pressure[3] |
| Medication | Propofol, succinylcholine[3] |
| Frequency | 1% of general anesthesia[2] |
Laryngospasm is a partial or complete closure of the vocal cords which is prolonged and results in a decreased ability to breath.[2][3] Symptoms may include stridor, an increased effort to breath, or tracheal tug.[2][3] While it typically lasts less 2 minutes, it can be more prolonged.[4] Complications can include low oxygen, slow heart rate, pulmonary edema, and cardiac arrest.[3]
It is a normal airway reflex that helps prevents foreign material from entering the lungs.[2] While it most commonly occurs due to laryngopharyngeal reflux,[5] it may also occur as a complication of anesthesia.[2] Risk factors include airway irritation, history of asthma, certain medications, and smoking.[2] Diagnosis is based on symptoms.[3]
Treatment may involve a jaw thrust, providing positive pressure ventilation, and suctioning the back of the throat.[3] Applying pressure in the laryngospasm notch (behind the earlobe) may also be useful.[3][2] If this is not effective propofol or succinylcholine may be used.[3]
It occurs in about 1% of people undergoing general anesthesia, though occurs more frequently in children and may occur in up to 25% of certain cases.[2] Some people have frequent episodes.[3] In drowning, laryngospasm may reduce the amount of water that enters the persons lungs; this is temporary in 90%.[6][7][8]
References[edit]
- ^ Jones, Harrison N.; Rosenbek, John C. (15 November 2009). Dysphagia in Rare Conditions: An Encyclopedia. Plural Publishing. p. 341. ISBN 978-1-59756-747-3. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gavel, Gil; Walker, Robert WM (April 2014). "Laryngospasm in anaesthesia". Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain. 14 (2): 47–51. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkt031.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Orliaguet, GA; Gall, O; Savoldelli, GL; Couloigner, V (February 2012). "Case scenario: perianesthetic management of laryngospasm in children". Anesthesiology. 116 (2): 458–71. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e318242aae9. PMID 22222477.
- ^ Margolis, Gregg S.; Surgeons, American Academy of Orthopaedic (2004). Paramedic, Airway Management. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7637-1327-0. Archived from the original on 2021-10-01. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
- ^ Holley, D; Mendez, A; Donald, C (February 2019). "Paroxysmal laryngospasm: Episodic closure of the upper airway". JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants. 32 (2): 31–34. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000552724.72939.4c. PMID 30694949.
- ^ Bierens, Joost J. L. M. (29 July 2009). Drowning: Prevention, Rescue, Treatment. Springer. p. 552. ISBN 978-3-642-04253-9. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ Rusoke-Dierich, Olaf (27 August 2018). Diving Medicine. Springer. p. 315. ISBN 978-3-319-73836-9. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ Fulde, Gordian W. O. (30 July 2009). Emergency Medicine: The Principles of Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-7295-7876-9. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.