User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hyperprolactinaemia
| Hyperprolactinaemia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hyperprolactinemia, high blood prolactin |
 | |
| Prolactin | |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
| Symptoms | Women: Abnormal menstrual periods[1] Men: Erectile dysfunction, breast enlargement[1] Both: Infertility, milk production[1] |
| Causes | Physiologic: Pregnancy, nipple stimulation, seizures, sex, stress[1] Diseases: Prolactinoma, macroprolactinemia, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney failure, polycystic ovarian syndrome[1] Medications: Estrogen, antipsychotics, antidepressents, blood pressure medications, opioids[1] |
| Treatment | Based on the cause[1] |
| Frequency | < 1%[1] |
Hyperprolactinaemia is the presence of high levels of hormone prolactin in the blood.[1] Symptoms in women may include abnormal menstrual periods; while symptoms in men may include erectile dysfunction and breast enlargement.[1] Either sex may be infertility and start producing milk.[1] Complications may include osteoporosis if sex hormone deficiency is present.[1][2]
High prolactin may occur as a result of life events such as pregnancy, nipple stimulation, seizures, sex, or stress.[1] Underlying diseasea that may lead to prolong high pprolactin include prolactinoma, macroprolactinemia, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, Cushing disease, liver cirrhosis, kidney failure, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and radiation therapy of the head.[1] A number of medications including estrogen, antipsychotics, antidepressants, blood pressure medications, and opioids may also result in high levels.[1] Testing is only recommended in those with either symptoms or a pituitary tumor.[2] Normal levels are less than 360 mIU/L (20 ng/ml) in men and 40 to 530 mIU/L in women (2 to 15 ng/ml).[3] During pregnancy normal levels are 1000 to 8000 mIU/L (50 to 400 ng/ml).[3]
Treatment depends on the underlying cause.[1] Prolactinomas are often well treated with cabergoline.[2] Less than 1% of the general population are affected, though it may be present in up to 14% of people who develop amenorrhea.[1] Women are more commonly affected by prolactinomas than men.[1] While the symptoms that result from high prolactin have been described since the time of Hippocrates, the discovery of the link with prolactin occurred in 1930s.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Thapa, S; Bhusal, K (January 2020). "Hyperprolactinemia". PMID 30726016.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c Chen, AX; Burt, MG (December 2017). "Hyperprolactinaemia". Australian prescriber. 40 (6): 220–224. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2017.060. PMID 29375184.
- ^ a b "Prolactin | Lab Tests | GLOWM". www.glowm.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ Melmed, Shlomo; Jameson, J. Larry; Groot, Leslie J. De (2013). Endocrinology Adult and Pediatric: Neuroendocrinology and The Pituitary Gland E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. e188. ISBN 978-0-323-22155-9. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-11-18.