User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hematuria
| Hematuria | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Haematuria, erythrocyturia,[1] blood in the urine |
 | |
| Visible hematuria | |
| Specialty | Nephrology, urology |
| Types | Microscopic, visible[2] |
| Causes | Glomerular: Nephrotic syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, Alport syndrome[2] Non glomerular: Urinary tract infections, prostatitis, fever, cancer, kidney stones, exercise, and bleeding problems.[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Urinalysis, urine microscopy, medical imaging, cystoscopy, kidney biopsy[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Vaginal bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, certain medication or foods[3] |
| Treatment | Depends on cause[2] |
| Frequency | Common[2] |
Hematuria is defined as the presence of blood, specifically red blood cells, in the urine.[4][2] Pain may or may not be present.[2] Blood clots may also occur in the urine.[2]
Causes are divided into whether or not the glomerulus of the kidney is involved.[2] Those that involve the glomerulus include nephrotic syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Alport syndrome, and IgA nephropathy.[2] Causes that do not involve the glomerulus include urinary tract infections, prostatitis, fever, cancer, kidney stones, exercise, and bleeding problems.[2] Other conditions that can be mistaken for blood in the urine include vaginal bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, and certain medication or foods that turn the urine red.[3]
Diagnosis generally begins with a urinalysis which may be supported by urine microscopy.[2] The presence of protein in the urine or misshapen red blood cells may indicate glomerular involvement.[2] Medical imaging may be useful for picking up kidney stones, cysts, or masses.[2] Cystoscopy may be useful for picking up bladder cancer.[2][5] A kidney biopsy may be useful in those with a glomerular cause.[2]
Treatment depends on the underlying cause.[2] This may vary from observation for those with blood in the urine that comes and goes, with no other symptoms, and otherwise normal investigations.[2] To interventional radiology to embolize significant bleeding.[2] Blood in the urine is a common reason people seek health care.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. Dorland, W. A. Newman (William Alexander Newman), 1864-1956. (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. p. 645. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8. OCLC 706780870.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Saleem, MO; Hamawy, K (January 2020). "Hematuria". PMID 30480952.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b "Blood in urine". nhs.uk. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ "Definition of HEMATURIA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- ^ "Medical Student Curriculum: Hematuria - American Urological Association". www.auanet.org. Retrieved 2019-11-28.