User:Mr. Ibrahem/Heart
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| Heart | |
|---|---|
 The human heart | |
| Details | |
| System | Circulatory |
| Artery | Aorta,[a] pulmonary trunk and right and left pulmonary arteries,[b] right coronary artery, left main coronary artery[c] |
| Vein | Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava,[d] right and left pulmonary veins,[e] great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, anterior cardiac veins[f] |
| Nerve | Accelerans nerve, vagus nerve |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | cor |
| Greek | kardía (καρδία) |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.[1] The pumped blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body, while carrying metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide to the lungs.[2] In humans, the heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest.[3]
In humans, other mammals, and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers: upper left and right atria and lower left and right ventricles.[4][5] Commonly the right atrium and ventricle are referred together as the right heart and their left counterparts as the left heart.[6] Fish, in contrast, have two chambers, an atrium and a ventricle, while reptiles have three chambers.[5] In a healthy heart blood flows one way through the heart due to heart valves, which prevent backflow.[3] The heart is enclosed in a protective sac, the pericardium, which also contains a small amount of fluid. The wall of the heart is made up of three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.[7]
The heart pumps blood with a rhythm determined by a group of pacemaking cells in the sinoatrial node. These generate a current that causes contraction of the heart, traveling through the atrioventricular node and along the conduction system of the heart. The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation, which enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle. From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the systemic circulation−where the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide.[8] The heart beats at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute.[9] Exercise temporarily increases the rate, but lowers resting heart rate in the long term, and is good for heart health.[10]
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common cause of death globally as of 2008, accounting for 30% of deaths.[11][12] Of these more than three quarters are a result of coronary artery disease and stroke.[11] Risk factors include: smoking, being overweight, little exercise, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and poorly controlled diabetes, among others.[13] Cardiovascular diseases frequently do not have symptoms or may cause chest pain or shortness of breath. Diagnosis of heart disease is often done by the taking of a medical history, listening to the heart-sounds with a stethoscope, ECG, and ultrasound.[3] Specialists who focus on diseases of the heart are called cardiologists, although many specialties of medicine may be involved in treatment.[12]
References[edit]
- ^ Taber, Clarence Wilbur; Venes, Donald (2009). Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. F. A. Davis Co. pp. 1018–1023. ISBN 978-0-8036-1559-5.
- ^ Guyton & Hall 2011, p. 157.
- ^ a b c Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2009). "1". Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Wolters Kluwel Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 127–173. ISBN 978-1-60547-652-0.
- ^ Starr, Cecie; Evers, Christine; Starr, Lisa (2009). Biology: Today and Tomorrow With Physiology. Cengage Learning. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-495-56157-6. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016.
- ^ a b Reed, C. Roebuck; Brainerd, Lee Wherry; Lee, Rodney; Inc, the staff of Kaplan (2008). CSET : California Subject Examinations for Teachers (3rd ed.). New York: Kaplan Pub. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-4195-5281-6. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016.
{{cite book}}:|last4=has generic name (help) - ^ Gray's Anatomy 2008, p. 960.
- ^ Betts, J. Gordon (2013). Anatomy & physiology. pp. 787–846. ISBN 978-1-938168-13-0. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
- ^ Guyton & Hall 2011, pp. 101, 157.
- ^ Guyton & Hall 2011, pp. 105–107.
- ^ Guyton & Hall 2011, pp. 1039–1041.
- ^ a b "Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) Fact sheet N°317 March 2013". WHO. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
- ^ a b Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (2011). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1811. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
- ^ Graham, I; Atar, D; Borch-Johnsen, K; Boysen, G; Burell, G; Cifkova, R; Dallongeville, J; De Backer, G; Ebrahim, S; Gjelsvik, B; Herrmann-Lingen, C; Hoes, A; Humphries, S; Knapton, M; Perk, J; Priori, SG; Pyorala, K; Reiner, Z; Ruilope, L; Sans-Menendez, S; Scholte op Reimer, W; Weissberg, P; Wood, D; Yarnell, J; Zamorano, JL; Walma, E; Fitzgerald, T; Cooney, MT; Dudina, A; European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines, (CPG) (Oct 2007). "European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)" (PDF). European Heart Journal. 28 (19): 2375–2414. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehm316. PMID 17726041. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
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