User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hand, foot, and mouth disease

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Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Other namesEnteroviral vesicular stomatitis with exanthem
  • Top: Spots around mouth

  • Bottom: Spots on feet
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever, flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister[1]
ComplicationsTemporary loss of nails, viral meningitis[2]
Usual onset2–6 days post exposure[1]
Duration1 week[1]
CausesCoxsackievirus A16, Enterovirus 71[3]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, viral culture[4]
PreventionHandwashing[5]
TreatmentSupportive care[6]
MedicationPain medication such as ibuprofen[7]
FrequencyAs outbreaks[8]

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common contagious infection caused by a group of viruses.[1] It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell.[1] This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister, on the hands, feet and mouth and occasionally limbs, buttocks and groin.[1][8][9] Symptoms normally appear 2–6 days after exposure to the virus.[1] The rash generally resolves on its own in about a week.[10] Fingernail and toenail loss may occur a few weeks later, but they will regrow with time.[2]

The viruses are spread through close personal contact, through the air from coughing and the feces of an infected person.[5] Contaminated objects can also spread the disease.[5] Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause, and enterovirus 71 is the second-most common cause.[11] Other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible.[3][12] Some people may carry and pass on the virus despite having no symptoms of disease.[13] Other animals are not involved.[5] Diagnosis can often be made based on symptoms.[4] Occasionally, a throat or stool sample may be tested for the virus.[4]

Handwashing may prevent spread, and those infected should not go to work, daycare or school.[5] No antiviral medication or vaccine is available, but development efforts are underway.[14][15] Most cases require no specific treatment.[6] Simple pain medication such as ibuprofen or numbing mouth gel may be used.[7] Occasionally, intravenous fluids are given to children who are unable to drink enough.[7] Rarely, viral meningitis or encephalitis may complicate the disease.[2]

HFMD occurs in all areas of the world.[16] It often occurs in small outbreaks in nursery schools or kindergartens.[8] Large outbreaks have been occurring in Asia since 1997.[16] It usually occurs during the spring, summer and fall months.[16] Typically it occurs in children less than five years old but can occasionally occur in adults.[8][13] HFMD should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease (also known as hoof-and-mouth disease), which mostly affects livestock.[17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Michaels, Marian `G.; Williams, John V. (2023). "13. Infectious diseases". In Zitelli, Basil J.; McIntire, Sara C.; Nowalk, Andrew J.; Garrison, Jessica (eds.). Zitelli and Davis' Atlas of Pediatric Physical Diagnosis (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-323-77788-9. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Complications". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  3. ^ a b Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF (September 2014). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome". Cleve Clin J Med. 81 (9): 537–43. doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132. PMID 25183845. Archived from the original on August 28, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c "Diagnosis". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Causes & Transmission". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  6. ^ a b Longo, Dan L. (2012). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07174889-6.
  7. ^ a b c "Prevention & Treatment". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d Kaminska, K; Martinetti, G; Lucchini, R; Kaya, G; Mainetti, C (2013). "Coxsackievirus A6 and Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Literature Review". Case Reports in Dermatology. 5 (2): 203–209. doi:10.1159/000354533. PMC 3764954. PMID 24019771.
  9. ^ Ooi, MH; Wong, SC; Lewthwaite, P; Cardosa, MJ; Solomon, T (2010). "Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of enterovirus 71". Lancet Neurology. 9 (11): 1097–1105. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70209-X. PMID 20965438.
  10. ^ Barlow, Gavin; Irving, William L.; Moss, Peter J. (2020). "20. Infectious disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved December 10, 2022.
  11. ^ Morris-Jones, Rachael (2019). "14. Viral infections". In Morris-Jones, Rachael (ed.). ABC of Dermatology (7th ed.). Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-119-48899-6. Archived from the original on May 16, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2022.
  12. ^ Li, Y; Zhu, R; Qian, Y; Deng, J (2012). "The characteristics of blood glucose and WBC counts in peripheral blood of cases of hand foot and mouth disease in China: a systematic review". PLOS One. 7 (1): e29003. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729003L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029003. PMC 3250408. PMID 22235257.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ a b "Hand Foot and Mouth Disease". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  14. ^ Pourianfar HR, Grollo L (February 2014). "Development of antiviral agents toward enterovirus 71 infection". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 48 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2013.11.011. PMID 24560700.
  15. ^ Fang, Chih-Yeu; Liu, Chia-Chyi (2018). "Recent development of enterovirus A vaccine candidates for the prevention of hand, foot, and mouth disease". Expert Review of Vaccines. 17 (9): 819–831. doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1510326. ISSN 1744-8395. PMID 30095317.
  16. ^ a b c "Outbreaks". CDC. August 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  17. ^ "Foot and Mouth Disease update: further temporary control zone established in Surrey". Defra. 2007-08-14. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
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