User:Mr. Ibrahem/Aspirin

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Mr. Ibrahem/Aspirin
Clinical data
Pronunciationacetylsalicylic acid /əˌsiːtəlˌsælɪˈsɪlɪk/
Trade namesBayer Aspirin, many others
Other names2-acetoxybenzoic acid
acetylsalicylate
acetylsalicylic acid
O-acetylsalicylic acid, Aspirin (BAN UK), Aspirin (USAN US)
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682878
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth, rectal, lysine acetylsalicylate may be given intravenously or intramuscularly
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: OTC except when given intravenously (in which case it is schedule 4), used in animal medicine (schedule 5/6) or when the dose is higher than usual.
  • UK: General sales list (GSL, OTC)
  • US: OTC / Rx-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability80–100%[2]
Protein binding80–90%[3]
MetabolismLiver, (CYP2C19 and possibly CYP3A), some is also hydrolysed to salicylate in the gut wall.[3]
Elimination half-lifeDose-dependent; 2 h to 3 h for low doses (100 mg or less), 15 h to 30 h for large doses.[3]
ExcretionUrine (80–100%), sweat, saliva, feces[2]
Identifiers
  • 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC9H8O4
Molar mass180.159 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Density1.40 g/cm3
Melting point136 °C (277 °F) [4]
Boiling point140 °C (284 °F) (decomposes)
Solubility in water3g/L
  • O=C(C)Oc1ccccc1C(=O)O
  • InChI=1S/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12) checkY
  • Key:BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation.[5] Specific inflammatory conditions which aspirin is used to treat include Kawasaki disease, pericarditis, and rheumatic fever.[5] Aspirin given shortly after a heart attack decreases the risk of death.[5] Aspirin is also used long-term to help prevent further heart attacks, ischaemic strokes, and blood clots in people at high risk.[5] It may also decrease the risk of certain types of cancer, particularly colorectal cancer.[9] For pain or fever, effects typically begin within 30 minutes.[5] Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and works similarly to other NSAIDs but also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets.[5]

One common side effect is an upset stomach.[5] More significant side effects include stomach ulcers, stomach bleeding, and worsening asthma.[5] Bleeding risk is greater among those who are older, drink alcohol, take other NSAIDs, or are on other blood thinners.[5] Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy.[5] It is not generally recommended in children with infections because of the risk of Reye syndrome.[5] High doses may result in ringing in the ears.[5]

A precursor to aspirin found in leaves from the willow tree has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years.[10][11] In 1853, chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt treated the medicine sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time.[12] For the next fifty years, other chemists established the chemical structure and came up with more efficient production methods.[12]: 69–75  In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines.[12]: 69–75 [13] By 1899, Bayer had named it "Aspirin" and sold it around the world.[14] Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the twentieth century leading to competition between many brands and formulations.[15] The word Aspirin was Bayer's brand name; however, their rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries.[15]

Aspirin is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated 40,000 tonnes (44,000 tons) (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year.[10][16] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[17] As of 2014, the wholesale cost in the developing world is US$0.002 to US$0.025 per dose.[18] As of 2015, the cost for a typical month of medication in the United States is less than US$25.00.[19] It is available as a generic medication.[5] In 2017, it was the 42nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 17 million prescriptions.[20][21]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Aspirin Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  2. ^ a b "Zorprin, Bayer Buffered Aspirin (aspirin) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  3. ^ a b c Brayfield, A, ed. (14 January 2014). "Aspirin". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  4. ^ Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 3.8. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Aspirin". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 April 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  6. ^ "ACETYLSALICYLIC acid = ASPIRIN = ASA oral - Essential drugs". medicalguidelines.msf.org. Archived from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  7. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  8. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  9. ^ Patrignani P, Patrono C (August 2016). "Aspirin and Cancer". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 68 (9): 967–76. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.05.083. PMID 27561771.
  10. ^ a b Jones, Alan (2015). Chemistry: An Introduction for Medical and Health Sciences. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-470-09290-3.
  11. ^ Ravina, Enrique (2011). The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs. John Wiley & Sons. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-527-32669-3. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  12. ^ a b c Jeffreys, Diarmuid (2008). Aspirin the remarkable story of a wonder drug. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-59691-816-0. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.: 46–48 
  13. ^ Dick, Brian (2018). "Hard Work and Happenstance". Distillations. Vol. 4, no. 1. Science History Institute. pp. 44–45. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  14. ^ Mann, Charles C.; Plummer, Mark L. (1991). The aspirin wars : money, medicine, and 100 years of rampant competition (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-394-57894-1.
  15. ^ a b "Aspirin". Chemical & Engineering News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  16. ^ Warner TD, Mitchell JA (October 2002). "Cyclooxygenase-3 (COX-3): filling in the gaps toward a COX continuum?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (21): 13371–3. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9913371W. doi:10.1073/pnas.222543099. PMC 129677. PMID 12374850.
  17. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  18. ^ "Acetylsalicylic Acid". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  19. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia (2015 deluxe lab-coat ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-284-05756-0.
  20. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  21. ^ "Aspirin - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
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