User:Mr. Ibrahem/Amoebiasis
| Amoebiasis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Amoebic dysentery, amebiasis, entamoebiasis[1][2] |
 | |
| The life-cycle of various intestinal Entamoeba species | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain[3] |
| Complications | Severe colitis, colonic perforation, anemia[3] |
| Causes | Amoebas of the Entamoeba group[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Stool examination, antibodies in the blood[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Bacterial colitis[3] |
| Prevention | Improved sanitation[3] |
| Treatment | Tissue disease: metronidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide, dehydroemetine, chloroquine, Intestinal infection: diloxanide furoate, iodoquinoline[3] |
| Frequency | ~480 million[3] |
Amoebiasis, also known amoebic dysentery, is an infection caused by any of the amoebae of the Entamoeba group.[3] Symptoms are most common during infection by Entamoeba histolytica.[3] Amoebiasis can be present with no, mild, or severe symptoms.[3] Symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, or bloody diarrhea.[3] Complications can include inflammation and ulceration of the colon with tissue death or perforation, which may result in peritonitis.[3] People affected may develop anemia due to loss of blood.[3]
Cysts of Entamoeba can survive for up to a month in soil or for up to 45 minutes under fingernails.[3] Invasion of the intestinal lining results in bloody diarrhea.[3] If the parasite reaches the bloodstream it can spread through the body, most frequently ending up in the liver where it can cause amoebic liver abscesses.[3] Liver abscesses can occur without previous diarrhea.[3] Diagnosis is typical by stool examination using a microscope, but may not reliably exclude infection or separate between specific types.[3] An increased white blood cell count may be present in severe cases.[3] The most accurate test is finding specific antibodies in the blood, but it may remain positive following treatment.[3] Bacterial colitis can result in similar symptoms.[3]
Prevention of amoebiasis is by improved sanitation, including separating food and water from faeces.[3] There is no vaccine.[3] There are two treatment options depending on the location of the infection.[3] Amoebiasis in tissues is treated with either metronidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide, dehydroemetine or chloroquine, while luminal infection is treated with diloxanide furoate or iodoquinoline.[3] Effective treatment against all stages of the disease may require a combination of medications.[3] Infections without symptoms do not require treatment but infected individuals can spread the parasite to others and treatment can be considered.[3] Treatment of other Entamoeba infections apart from E. histolytica is not needed.[3]
Amoebiasis is present all over the world,[4] though most cases occur in the developing world.[5] About 480 million people are currently infected with about 40 million new cases per year with significant symptoms.[3][6] This results in the death of between 40,000–110,000 people a year.[3] Most infections are now believed due to E. dispar.[3] E. dispar is more common in certain areas and symptomatic cases may be less common than previously reported.[3] The first case of amoebiasis was documented in 1875 and in 1891 the disease was described in detail, resulting in the terms amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess.[3] Further evidence from the Philippines in 1913 found that upon swallowing cysts of E. histolytica volunteers developed the disease.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ "Entamoebiasis - MeSH - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
- ^ "Entamoebiasis". mesh.kib.ki.se. Archived from the original on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Farrar, Jeremy; Hotez, Peter; Junghanss, Thomas; Kang, Gagandeep; Lalloo, David; White, Nicholas J. (2013-10-26). Manson's Tropical Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 664–671. ISBN 9780702053061.
- ^ Beeching, Nick; Gill, Geoff (2014-04-17). "19". Lecture Notes: Tropical Medicine. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 177–182. ISBN 9781118734568.
- ^ Shirley DT, Farr L, Watanabe K, Moonah S (July 2018). "A Review of the Global Burden, New Diagnostics, and Current Therapeutics for Amebiasis". Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 5 (7): ofy161. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy161. PMC 6055529. PMID 30046644.
- ^ Podolsky, Daniel K.; Camilleri, Michael; Fitz, J. Gregory; Kalloo, Anthony N.; Shanahan, Fergus; Wang, Timothy C. (2015). Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 2323. ISBN 978-1-118-51215-9.