User:Mark Wagdy El-Magrisy/sandbox

Coordinates: 30°2′N 31°14′E / 30.033°N 31.233°E / 30.033; 31.233
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Help:Menu/Site map

Hello this is my sandbox. I'm just copying these things as tutorials for me.

A sub-article[edit]

important codes[edit]

1) to add a reference:[edit]

  • add a book: the author; optional (year). [the online book the book name]. Publisher name. ISBN xxxxxx. Retrieved i actually don't know what is that. {{cite book}}: |author1= has generic name (help); Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  • add a site: [link "page title"]. website creator. Retrieved nnnnn. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

2) to add a person card:[edit]

*for a pharoah:[edit]
Amenhotep III
Nibmu(`w)areya,[1] Mimureya, Amenophis III
Amenhotep III wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, the nemes with cobra and the ceremonial beard
Amenhotep III wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, the nemes with cobra and the ceremonial beard
Pharaoh
Reign1391–1353 or
1388–1351 BC
PredecessorThutmose IV
SuccessorAkhenaten
Royal titulary
Horus name
Kanakht khaemmaat
The strong bull, appearing in truth
G5
E1
D40		 mN28H6
Nebty name
Semenhepusegerehtawy
One establishing laws, pacifying the two lands
G16
smn
n
Y1		 O4
p		 Z2
w		 sW11
r		 V28a
N17
N17
Golden Horus
Aakhepesh-husetiu
Great of valour, smiting the Asiatics
G8
O29
a
F23		 V28A24S22
t G4		 T14Z3
Prenomen  (Praenomen)
Nebmaatre
The Lord of Truth is Re[2]
M23L2
ramAatnb
Nomen
Amenhotep Hekawaset
Amun is Satisfied, Ruler of Thebes[3]
G39N5
imn
n		 R4HqAR19
ConsortTiye
Gilukhepa
Tadukhepa
Sitamun
Iset
Nebetnehat?
ChildrenAkhenaten
Thutmose
Sitamun
Iset
Henuttaneb
Nebetah
Smenkhkare?
"The Younger Lady"
Beketaten (?)
FatherThutmose IV
MotherMutemwiya
Died1353 BC or 1351 BC
BurialWV22
MonumentsMalkata, Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, Colossi of Memnon
Dynasty18th Dynasty
*for a king:[edit]
Louis XIV
Portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud, 1701
King of France
Reign14 May 1643 – 1 September 1715
Coronation7 June 1654
Reims Cathedral
PredecessorLouis XIII
SuccessorLouis XV
RegentAnne of Austria (1643–51)
Born(1638-09-05)5 September 1638
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
Died1 September 1715(1715-09-01) (aged 76)
Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France
Burial
Basilica of St Denis
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1660; died 1683)​
​
​
(m. 1683)​
Issue
among others...		Louis, Grand Dauphin
Names
French: Louis Dieudonné de Bourbon
HouseBourbon
FatherLouis XIII of France
MotherAnne of Austria
ReligionRoman Catholicism (Gallican Rite)
SignatureLouis XIV's signature
*A complex king ruled several regions:[edit]
Darius the Great
𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁
King of Kings
Great King
King of Persia
King of Babylon
Pharaoh of Egypt
King of Countries
Relief of Darius I in Persepolis
King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
Reign29 September 522 BCE – October 486 BCE
CoronationPasargadae
PredecessorBardiya
SuccessorXerxes I
Pharaoh of Egypt
ReignSeptember 522 BCE – October 486 BCE
PredecessorBardiya
SuccessorXerxes I
Royal titulary
Horus name
mnḫ-jb
Menekhib
The one of splendid mind
G5
mn
n
x ib

Second Horus name:
wr-nb-mrj-šmꜤw
Wernebmeryshemau
Chieftain and Lord, beloved of Upper Egypt
G5
A21AnbM22
O49		 i i
N36
Nebty name
zꜣ-jmn...
Zamun...
Son of Amun..
G16
zA Z1 imn
n		 A40st
p		 stp n C2mF26
n		 W24 w pr
Z1		 if
d
a
Z2ss Z1		 sn
Z2
Golden Horus
?
G8
nb
t		 ?
?
?		 Z3mriiR8AZ3R8t&r t
H8		 A40Z3nb
Z2		 W24
Z1		 N16
U7
r		 irnpO49
O49		 Z3
Prenomen  (Praenomen)
rꜤ-sttw
Seteture
Progeny of Ra
M23L2
N5st
t		 w
Nomen
drjwš
Deriush
Darius
G39N5
N16
E23		 V4M8
[4]
Born550 BCE
DiedOctober 486 BCE
(aged approximately 64)
Burial
Naqsh-e Rostam
Spouse
Issue
Names
Dārayava(h)uš
DynastyAchaemenid
FatherHystaspes
MotherRhodogune
ReligionIndo-Iranian religion
(possibly Zoroastrianism)
*Philosopher:[edit]
Aristotle
Roman copy in marble of a Greek bronze bust of Aristotle by Lysippos, c. 330 BC, with modern alabaster mantle
Born384 BC[A]
Stagira, Chalcidian League
Died322 BC (aged 61–62)
Euboea, Macedonian Empire
PredecessorPlato
SpousePythias
EraAncient Greek philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
School
Notable studentsAlexander the Great, Theophrastus
Main interests
Notable ideas
*Scientist:[edit]
Archimedes of Syracuse
Ἀρχιμήδης
Archimedes Thoughtful by Domenico Fetti (1620)
Archimedes Thoughtful
by Domenico Fetti (1620)
Bornc. 287 BC
Syracuse, Sicily, Magna Graecia
Diedc. 212 BC (aged c. 75)
Syracuse, Sicily, Magna Graecia
Known for
Scientific career
Fields
*A normal Person:[edit]
Ptolemy
Early Baroque artist's rendition[8]
Bornc. AD 100[9]
Egypt, Roman Empire
Diedc. AD 170 (aged 69–70)[9]
Alexandria, Egypt, Roman Empire
Occupations
*Saint:[edit]
*A footballer:[edit]
Lionel Messi
Messi with Argentina at the 2018 FIFA World Cup
Personal information
Full name Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini[10]
Date of birth (1987-06-24) 24 June 1987 (age 36)[11]
Place of birth Rosario, Argentina
Height 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)[12]
Position(s) Forward
Team information
Current team
 Barcelona
Number 10
Youth career
1994–2000 Newell's Old Boys
2001–2004 Barcelona
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2003–2004 Barcelona C 10 (5)
2004–2005 Barcelona B 22 (6)
2004– Barcelona 474 (438)
International career‡
2004–2005 Argentina U20 18 (14)
2008 Argentina U23 5[α] (2)
2005– Argentina 138 (70)
Medal record
Men's football
Representing  Argentina
FIFA World Cup
Runner-up 2014 Brazil
Copa América
Runner-up 2007 Venezuela
Runner-up 2015 Chile
Runner-up 2016 United States
Third place 2019 Brazil
Olympic Games
First place 2008 Beijing Team
FIFA U-20 World Cup
Winner 2005 Netherlands
South American U-20 Championship
Third place 2005 Colombia
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 7 March 2020
‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 18 November 2019
*Military conflict:[edit]
Thirty Years' War
Part of the European wars of religion

Les Grandes Misères de la guerre
(The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1632
Date23 May 1618 – 15 May 1648
(29 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 1 day)
Location
Central Europe
Result

Peace of Westphalia

Territorial
changes
  • France annex Décapole and Upper Alsace[18]
  • Kingdom of Sweden obtain Wolin and Western Pomerania[19]
  • Brandenburg-Prussia obtain Eastern Pomerania[20][21]
    • Belligerents

    Anti-Habsburg states and allies:
    Bohemia Bohemian Crown (until 1620)
    Palatinate (until 1632)
     Duchy of Savoy (1618–19)
    Transylvania Transylvania (until 1621)[14]
     Dutch Republic (from 1619)
    Denmark–Norway Denmark–Norway (1625–29)
     England (1625–30)[note 1]
    Scotland (1625–38)[note 2]
    Hesse-Kassel (from 1629)
    Sweden Sweden (from 1630)
     Saxony (1630–1635)[note 3]
    Brandenburg-Prussia (1631–1635)[note 3]
     Brunswick-Lüneburg (from 1634)
     France (from 1635)

    Supported by:

    Habsburg states and allies:
     Holy Roman Empire

    Spain Spanish Empire
    Hungary-Croatia[15]
    Denmark–Norway Denmark–Norway (1643–45)[note 6]

    Supported by:
    Commanders and leaders
    Strength
    Casualties and losses
    BohemiaElectorate of SaxonyBrunswick-Lüneburg : 115,000 - 120,000 soldiers[27]
    Sweden 150,000-155,000 soldiers [27][28]
    Denmark–Norway 15,000 - 20,000 soldiers
    Dutch Republic 50,000 – 60,000 soldiers[27]
    Dutch Republic 1,835 ships (1626–34)[29]
    Kingdom of France 65,000 - 80,000 soldiers [27][28]
    10,000 - 15,000 soldiers[27]
    Total: 405,000 - 450,000    		 Holy Roman Empire 210,000-280,000 soldiers and mercenaries[27][28]
    Spain 80,000–100,000 soldiers and mercenaries[27]
    Total: 290,000 - 350,000
    Total: 8,000,000 dead[30]
    *country:[edit]
    Arab Republic of Egypt
    جمهورية مصر العربية
    • Arabic:Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah
      Egyptian:Gomhoreyyet Maṣr el-ʿArabeyya
    Anthem: "Bilady, Bilady, Bilady"
    "بلادي، بلادي، بلادي"
    "My country, my country, my country"
    Capital
    and largest city
    		Cairo
    30°2′N 31°13′E / 30.033°N 31.217°E / 30.033; 31.217
    Official languagesArabic
    National languageEgyptian Arabic[a]
    Religion
    		See Religion in Egypt
    Demonym(s)Egyptian
    GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential
    republic
    • President
    		Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
    Moustafa Madbouly
    Ali Abdel Aal
    LegislatureHouse of Representatives
    Establishment
    • Unification of Upper
    and Lower Egypt    [31][32][b]
    		c. 3150 BC
    • Muhammad Ali dynasty inaugurated
    		9 July 1805[33]
    28 February 1922
    23 July 1952
    • Republic declared
    		18 June 1953
    18 January 2014
    Area
    • Total
    		1,010,408[34] km2 (390,121 sq mi) (29th)
    • Water (%)
    		0.632
    Population
    • 2020 estimate
    		Increase 100,075,480 [35][36] (13th)
    • 2017 census
    		94,798,827[37]
    • Density
    		100/km2 (259.0/sq mi) (83th)
    GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
    • Total
    		Increase $1.391 trillion[38] (19th)
    • Per capita
    		Increase $14,023[38] (94th)
    GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
    • Total
    		Increase $302.256 billion[38] (40th)
    • Per capita
    		Increase $3,047[38] (126th)
    Gini (2015)Positive decrease 31.8[39]
    medium (51st)
    HDI (2018)Increase 0.700[40]
    high (116th)
    CurrencyEgyptian pound (E£) (EGP)
    Time zoneUTC+2[c] (EET)
    Driving sideright
    Calling code+20
    ISO 3166 codeEG
    Internet TLD
    1. ^ Literary Arabic is the sole official language.[41] Egyptian Arabic is the spoken language. Other dialects and minority languages are spoken regionally.
    2. ^ "Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation".[42][43] Arthur Goldschmidt Jr.
    3. ^ See Daylight saving time in Egypt.
    *Settlement:*[edit]
    Cairo
    القاهرة
    Megacity
    From top, left to right:
    View of the Nile, Ibn Tulun Mosque, Muizz Street, Talaat Harb Square, Azhar Park, Baron Empain Palace, Cairo Citadel
    Flag of Cairo
    Flag
    Nickname: 
    City of a Thousand Minarets
    Cairo is located in Egypt
    Cairo
    Cairo
    Location of Cairo within Egypt
    Cairo is located in Africa
    Cairo
    Cairo
    Cairo (Africa)
    Coordinates: 30°2′N 31°14′E / 30.033°N 31.233°E / 30.033; 31.233
    Country Egypt
    GovernorateCairo
    Founded969 AD
    Founded byFatimid dynasty
    Government
     • GovernorAtef Abd El Hamid[44]
    Area
    [citation needed]
     • Megacity606 km2 (234 sq mi)
     • Metro
    		17,267.6 km2 (6,667.1 sq mi)
    Elevation
    		23 m (75 ft)
    Population
     (October 2018[45])
     • Megacity9,500,000
     • Density16,000/km2 (41,000/sq mi)
     • Metro
    		20,439,541
     • Demonym
    		Cairene
    Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EST)
    Area code(+20) 2
    WebsiteCairo.gov.eg
    Official nameHistoric Cairo
    TypeCultural
    Criteriai, iii, vi
    Designated1979
    Reference no.[46]
    State PartyEgypt
    and many others[edit]
    • former monarchy
    • pyramid
    • airport

    3) To add a table:[edit]

    *Type 1:[edit]
    Building Pinnacle Height Floors Year City
    Notes
    Cairo Tower 187 m (614 ft) 1961 Cairo Currently the tallest building in Egypt and all of North Africa
    Ministry of Foreign Affairs Building, Cairo[47] 143 m (469 ft) 39 1994 Cairo
    El Gezira Tower Movenpick Hotel[48] 142 m (466 ft) 43 1996 Cairo
    Grand Nile Tower Hotel[49] 142 m (466 ft) 41 2002 Cairo
    Nile City South Tower[50] 142 m (466 ft) 34 2003 Cairo
    Nile City North Tower[51] 142 m (466 ft) 34 2002 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 18[52] 140 m (460 ft) 42 1985 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 17[52] 140 m (460 ft) 42 1985 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 16[52] 140 m (460 ft) 42 1985 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 15[52] 140 m (460 ft) 42 1985 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 14[52] 140 m (460 ft) 42 1985 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 13[52] 140 m (460 ft) 42 1985 Cairo
    Great Pyramid of Giza 138.8 m (455 ft) 2560 BCE Giza
    Pyramid of Khafre 136.4 m (448 ft) 2560 BCE Giza
    Saint Regis Hotel Cairo Nile Plaza 136 m (446 ft) 34 Under Construction Cairo
    National Bank of Egypt Tower 1 135 m (443 ft) 33 1986 Cairo
    National Bank of Egypt Tower 2 135 m (443 ft) 33 1986 Cairo
    San Stefano Grand Plaza 135 m (443 ft) 35 2006 Alexandria Tallest building in Alexandria[53]
    Four Seasons Hotel Cairo at Nile Plaza[54] 127 m (417 ft) 31 1999 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 12[55] 122 m (400 ft) 35 1987 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 11[55] 122 m (400 ft) 35 1987 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 10[55] 122 m (400 ft) 35 1987 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 9[55] 122 m (400 ft) 35 1987 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 8[55] 122 m (400 ft) 35 1987 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 7[55] 122 m (400 ft) 35 1987 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 6[55] 122 m (400 ft) 35 1987 Cairo
    El Maadi Residential Tower 5[55] 122 m (400 ft) 35 1987 Cairo
    Residences Roda Island[56] 118 m (387 ft) 39 ?? Cairo
    Ramses Hilton & World Trade Center[57] 110 m (360 ft) 36 1980 Cairo
    Hilton World Trade Center Residences I[58] 110 m (360 ft) 32 ?? Cairo
    Semiramis Inter-Continental Hotel[59] 107 m (351 ft) 29 ?? Cairo
    Four Seasons Cairo at First Residence[60] 103 m (338 ft) 30 ?? Cairo
    Belmont Building[61] 102 m (335 ft) 32 1954 Cairo
    Alexandria City Centre Tower I[62] 100 m (330 ft) 30 2003 Alexandria
    Radio & Television Building[63] 100 m (330 ft) 30 1957 Cairo
    El Gezira Sheraton Hotel[64] 100 m (330 ft) 30 1984 Cairo
    Conrad International Cairo Hotel[65] 100 m (330 ft) 30 1999 Cairo
    The Fairmont Cairo[66] 100 m (330 ft) 25 2007 Cairo


    *Type 2:[edit]
    Name Image Comments Dates
    Iry-Hor
    		Correct chronological position unclear.[67]
    Around 3170 BC
    Crocodile
    		Potentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed.[68]
    Around 3170 BC
    Ka
    		Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear.[69]
    Around 3170 BC
    Scorpion II
    		Potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer.[70]
    Around 3170 BC


    4) Templates:[edit]

    *Sidebar:[edit]
    Part of a series on the
    History of Egypt
    Prehistoric Egyptpre–3150 BC
    Ancient Egypt
    Early Dynastic Period3150–2686 BC
    Old Kingdom2686–2181 BC
    1st Intermediate Period2181–2055 BC
    Middle Kingdom2055–1650 BC
    2nd Intermediate Period1650–1550 BC
    New Kingdom1550–1069 BC
    3rd Intermediate Period1069–664 BC
    Late Period664–332 BC
    Greco-Roman Egypt
    Argead and Ptolemaic dynasties332–30 BC
    Roman and Byzantine Egypt30 BC–641 AD
    Sasanian Egypt619–629
    Medieval Egypt
    Rashidun Egypt641–661
    Umayyad Egypt661–750
    Abbasid Egypt750–935
    Tulunid dynasty868–905
    Ikhshidid dynasty935–969
    Fatimid dynasty969–1171
    Ayyubid dynasty1171–1250
    Mamluk dynasties1250–1517
    Early modern Egypt
    Ottoman Egypt1517–1867
    French occupation1798–1801
    Muhammad Ali dynasty1805–1953
    Khedivate of Egypt1867–1914
    Late Modern Egypt
    British occupation1882–1922
    Sultanate of Egypt1914–1922
    Kingdom of Egypt1922–1953
    Republic1953–present
    flag Egypt portal


    *Navigation template:[edit]


    This template's initial visibility currently defaults to autocollapse, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.

    To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used:

    • {{Mark Wagdy El-Magrisy|state=collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.
    • {{Mark Wagdy El-Magrisy|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

    Category:Africa country and territory topics templates Category:Middle East country and territory topics templates


    Create new Item:[edit]

    Chronological King list[edit]

    Preceded by Pharaoh of Egypt
    Eighteenth Dynasty     		Succeeded by

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Moran 1992, p. 7.
    2. ^ Clayton 1994, p. 112.
    3. ^ [1] Amenhotep III
    4. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol 46), Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 1999. ISBN 3-8053-2310-7, pp. 220–21.
    5. ^ Kantor 1963, p. 116.
    6. ^ On the Soul.
    7. ^ Knorr, Wilbur R. (1978). "Archimedes and the spirals: The heuristic background". Historia Mathematica. 5 (1): 43–75. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(78)90134-9. "To be sure, Pappus does twice mention the theorem on the tangent to the spiral [IV, 36, 54]. But in both instances the issue is Archimedes' inappropriate use of a "solid neusis," that is, of a construction involving the sections of solids, in the solution of a plane problem. Yet Pappus' own resolution of the difficulty [IV, 54] is by his own classification a "solid" method, as it makes use of conic sections." (p. 48)
    8. ^ Since no contemporary depictions or descriptions of Ptolemy are known to have existed, later artists' impressions are unlikely to have reproduced his appearance accurately.
    9. ^ a b Ptolemy at the Encyclopædia Britannica
    10. ^ Marsden, Sam (2 November 2017). "Messi donates to charity after libel case win". ESPN. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
    11. ^ "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia: List of players: Argentina" (PDF). FIFA. 15 July 2018. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
    12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Profile: Lionel Andrés Messi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    13. ^ "La selección catalana pierde ante Argentina (0-1) en un partido marcado por la política". El Mundo (in Spanish). 24 May 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008.
    14. ^ "into line with army of Gabriel Bethlen in 1620." Ágnes Várkonyi: Age of the Reforms, Magyar Könyvklub publisher, 1999. ISBN 963-547-070-3
    15. ^ Ervin Liptai: Military history of Hungary, Zrínyi Military Publisher, 1985. ISBN 9633263379
    16. ^ The Consequences and Effects of the Thirty Years War "The later divisions that occurred made Europe more like it is now with the Catholic areas in the south and the Lutherans farther north and more importantly, it took the central power from the Catholic Church."
    17. ^ Helmolt, Hans Ferdinand (1903). The World's History: Western Europe to 1800. W. Heinemann. p. 573. ISBN 978-0-217-96566-8.
    18. ^ Croxton, pp. 225–26.
    19. ^ Heitz p.232
    20. ^ Heitz p.232
    21. ^ Shennan (1995), p.19
    22. ^ Johnson, Curt. "The French Army of the Thirty Years' War: Introduction and Maison du Roi". Xenophon Group. Early Modern Warfare Society. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
    23. ^ page 54 Rennoldson, Neil. "Review Article: Spain and the Netherlands in the 17th Century" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2014. When the Dutch army was increased to 77.000 in 1629 during the threatened Spanish invasion...
    24. ^ "Gabriel Bethlen's army numbered 5,000 Hungarian pikemen and 1,000 German mercenary, with the anti-Habsburg Hungarian rebels numbered together approx. 35,000 men." László Markó: The Great Honors of the Hungarian State (A Magyar Állam Főméltóságai), Magyar Könyvklub 2000. ISBN 963-547-085-1
    25. ^ Trueman, C. N. "Military developments in the Thirty Years War". Retrieved 16 July 2017.
    26. ^ László Markó: The Great Honors of the Hungarian State (A Magyar Állam Főméltóságai), Magyar Könyvklub 2000. ISBN 963-547-085-1
    27. ^ a b c d e f g "Victimario Histórico Militar".
    28. ^ a b c Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland. p. 40. ISBN 978-0786474707.
    29. ^ Spain, 1469-1714: A Society of Conflict. Routledge. 2014. p. 193.
    30. ^ Wilson, P. (2009). Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years War. London: Penguin. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7139-9592-3.
    31. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity.
    32. ^ "Background Note: Egypt". United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
    33. ^ Pierre Crabitès (1935). Ibrahim of Egypt. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-81121-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013. ... on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo ...
    34. ^ "Total area km2, pg.15" (PDF). Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
    35. ^ "الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء". www.capmas.gov.eg. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
    36. ^ "أقل زيادة في 10 سنوات.. رحلة الوصول إلى 100 مليون مصري (إنفوجرافيك)". www.masrawy.com. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
    37. ^ Cite error: The named reference capmas.gov.eg was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
    38. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
    39. ^ "GINI index". World Bank. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
    40. ^ "2019 Human Development Report". United Nations Development Programme. 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
    41. ^ "Constitutional Declaration: A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People". Egypt State Information Service. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
    42. ^ name="USDept of State/Egypt"
    43. ^ Arthur Goldschmidt (1988). Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-86531-182-4.
    44. ^ "محافظ القاهرة يرفض تطوير المستثمرين الحدائق.. ويؤكد: "هيسحلوا الغلابة"". Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
    45. ^ "الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء". www.capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
    46. ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Historic Cairo – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
    47. ^ emporis.com - Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cairo
    48. ^ El Gezira Tower Movenpick Hotel, Cairo
    49. ^ Grand Hyatt Cairo, Cairo
    50. ^ Nile City South Tower, Cairo
    51. ^ Nile City North Tower, Cairo
    52. ^ a b c d e f emporis.com - El Maadi Residential Complex
    53. ^ [2]
    54. ^ [3]
    55. ^ a b c d e f g h [4]
    56. ^ [5]
    57. ^ [6]
    58. ^ [7]
    59. ^ [8]
    60. ^ [9]
    61. ^ [10]
    62. ^ [11]
    63. ^ [12]
    64. ^ [13]
    65. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Retrieved 2015-10-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
    66. ^ [14]
    67. ^ P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene. In: Bulletin de L'Institute Français D'Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO) 112. Ausgabe 2012, S. 381–395.
    68. ^ Günter Dreyer: Horus Krokodil, ein Gegenkönig der Dynastie 0. In: Renee Friedman and Barbara Adams (Hrsg.): The Followers of Horus, Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, 1949–1990 (= Egyptian Studies Association Publication, vol. 2). Oxbow Publications, Bloomington (IN) 1992, ISBN 0-946897-44-1, p. 259–263.
    69. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol. 49. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, p. 36–37.
    70. ^ Toby Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategy, Society and Security. Routeledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1, p. 38, 56 & 57.


    Cite error: There are <ref group=upper-alpha> tags or {{efn-ua}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=upper-alpha}} template or {{notelist-ua}} template (see the help page).
    Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-greek> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-greek}} template (see the help page).
    Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mark_Wagdy_El-Magrisy/sandbox&oldid=1040522150"