User:Lauraattezos/Tezos restructure

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Tezos
Prevailing tezos logo
Denominations
PluralXTZ, tez
Symbolꜩ
CodeXTZ
Subunits
 1⁄1000000Mutez
Development
Original author(s)Arthur Breitman, Kathleen Breitman
White paper"Tezos – a self-amending crypto-ledger"
Initial release30 June 2018 (5 years ago) (2018-06-30)
Latest release15.1 /
Code repositorygitlab.com/tezos/tezos
Development statusActive
Written inOCaml
Source modelOpen source
LicenseMIT
Ledger
Timestamping schemeProof-of-stake
Block rewardꜩ40
Block time30 seconds (since Granada update)
Block explorertzstats.com

tezblock.io

tzkt.io
Circulating supplyꜩ888,184,894 (est. May 2022)
Website
Websitetezos.com

Tezos is an open-source blockchain that can execute peer-to-peer transactions and serve as a platform for deploying smart contracts. The native cryptocurrency for the Tezos blockchain is the tez (ISO 4217: XTZ; sign: ꜩ). The Tezos network achieves consensus using proof-of-stake. Tezos uses an on-chain governance model that enables the protocol to be amended when upgrade proposals receive a favorable vote from the community.[1] Its testnet was launched in June 2018,[2] and its mainnet went live in September 2018.[3]

Creation[edit]

Tezos, first proposed in 2014, was created by husband-and-wife team Arthur and Kathleen Breitman.[4] While working at Morgan Stanley in 2014, Arthur Breitman released two papers proposing a new type of blockchain under the pseudonym "L. M Goodman", referencing a journalist at Newsweek who had misidentified the creator of Bitcoin.[5] He chose the name "Tezos" after writing a program to list unclaimed websites that could be pronounced in English.[5] In 2015, with the goal of developing Tezos, Arthur Breitman registered a company called Dynamic Ledger Solutions Inc (DLS) in Delaware, with himself as chief executive.[4] He contracted French firm OCamlPro to help develop the software.[5]

Tezos went live in September 2018.[5]

Design[edit]

The primary protocol of Tezos utilizes liquid proof of stake (LPoS) and supports Turing-complete smart contracts in a domain-specific language called Michelson. Michelson is a purely functional stack-based language with a reduced instruction set and no side effects, designed with formal verification in mind.[6][7][8][9]

In Tezos' LPoS model, network nodes that validate blocks and add them to the blockchain – known as bakers – are selected to perform those actions proportionally to their share of tez that they put up for stake (minimum 6,000 tez), and a baker receives staking rewards in the form of newly minted tez after successfully validating a block and adding it to the blockchain.[10] Holders of tez can delegate their tez to bakers to share in the staking rewards that bakers receive.[10] Holders of tez who do not stake or delegate their tez risk suffering a loss in value due to inflation as new tez are created and distributed to bakers for validating new blocks and adding them to the blockchain. As of January 2021, nearly 80% of all tez in circulation were either directly staked by bakers or delegated to bakers for staking.[11]

The Tezos protocol allows itself to be amended by a staged process performed by committing operations to the stored blockchain to submit proposals (intended code changes) and to vote on those changes. If a proposal receives enough votes the protocol updates itself to incorporate the code changes.[12]

The Tezos blockchain has been used for NFTs as an alternative to more energy-intensive projects such as Ethereum.[13]

Project backing[edit]

Initial funding[edit]

In 2015, Arthur sought to raise $5 to $10 million from banks but was unable to find backers. Arthur worked at Morgan Stanley at the time, but he did not provide them with notice of his work on Tezos as required by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA),[4] and he was eventually fined $20,000.[14] In 2016, he left Morgan Stanley; the following year, Tezos received $612,000 from 10 backers while the Breitmans planned for an initial coin offering (ICO).[4]

They received a $1.5 million investment from Tim Draper and hired public relations firm Strange Brew to promote their project.[4] The firm was alleged to have falsely claimed that large American financial firms were using Tezos.[5][15]

Tezos Foundation[edit]

In 2011, Arthur Breitman first met South African cryptocurrency entrepreneur Johann Gevers through his friend Patri Friedman, the founder of The Seasteading Institute, who had hired Gevers for a project which Breitman had followed closely.[5] In 2016, the Tezos Foundation was established in Zug Switzerland by Arthur and Kathleen Breitman, Swiss law firm MME and Gevers, to support an initial coin offering (ICO) for the Tezos platform.[4][5] They planned for the foundation to become a non-profit that would raise money through the ICO and acquire DLS, which owned the group's technology.[5]

In addition to Switzerland's relatively lax financial oversight and effectively zero corporate tax rate, the benefits for Tezos of being in a foundation under the Swiss Civil Code included the ability to treat fundraising transactions as donations, and acting as an additional layer of institutional security to protect donations.[5][4][16] Gevers became the foundation's first president.[5]

On July 1, 2017, the Tezos Foundation raised $232 million in Bitcoin and Ethereum in one of the biggest initial coin offerings (ICOs) at the time.[5][17][18] The contributions were termed "non-refundable donations", which Kathleen Breitman likened to a pledge drive where people would receive tote bags, though some participants considered them to be an investment.[4] If considered an investment rather than a donation, it would fall under the purview of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).[4][16] After the ICO, it was planned that the Tezos Foundation would pay to acquire DLS, and if the Tezos blockchain functioned for at least three months, the Breitmans would receive 8.5% of the ICO and 10% of the tokens.[19]

By October, the Breitmans and Gevers were in a dispute over control of the project, with the Breitmans alleging Gevers pressured the foundation council into signing a contract giving him a bonus of $1.5 million.[20][21][4] [18][22][23] Gevers controlled the assets held by the foundation which stood at $820 million by December, including the Breitmans' share.[24] The disagreements led to delays in the deployment of Tezos, which caused investors to bring lawsuits alleging fraud during the fundraiser and unauthorized sales of securities.[18][25]

In 2018, Gevers resigned and received $400,000, and the foundation board was replaced.[5][3]

In 2020, the Tezos founders settled the lawsuits, with the Tezos Foundation paying $25 million, before federal courts ruled on whether the ICO was a sale of unregistered securities.[26] Arthur Breitman joined the foundation's council in 2021.[27]

In October 2021, Tezos became a sponsor of the New York Mets.[28]

In February 2022, Manchester United F.C. announced Tezos as its official blockchain partner in a multi-year deal, reportedly worth over £20 million per year.[29] In November 2022, Manchester United F.C. launched their first-ever NFT digital collectibles based on the Tezos blockchain platform.[30]

Reliability[edit]

In 2018, the Tezos Foundation commissioned the audit company Least Authority to perform five audits which were published in March 2019.[31] These audits determined that Tezos protects against "chain reorganizations" and "selfish-baking",[32] which are specific vulnerabilities with some blockchains.

An independent 2020 study revealed a potential flaw in the consensus proof of stake mechanism that Tezos was using at the time, by providing a theoretical analysis of the feasibility and profitability of a block stealing attack referred to as "selfish endorsing". A change to the protocol was proposed to reduce the profitability of this dishonest behavior.[33] With implementation of the Tenderbake protocol amendment, the described behavior was mitigated and is no longer actual.[34]

Founders[edit]

Tezos co-founder Arthur Breitman studied applied mathematics, computer science, and physics in France and financial mathematics at New York University under Nassim Nicholas Taleb before working in quantitative finance.[5] Kathleen Breitman (née McCaffrey) studied at Cornell University and worked at a hedge fund and as a consultant.[19] Arthur was the leader of an anarcho-capitalist group in New York, and Kathleen was a libertarian Republican; the two of them met at a crypto-anarchist lunch in 2010[4] and married in 2013.[5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Allombert, Victor; Borgouin, Mathias; Julian, Tesson (2019). "Introduction to the Tezos Blockchain". arXiv:1909.08458 [cs.DC].
  2. ^ "Tezos Protocols". TzStats. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  3. ^ a b Bart, Katharina (November 21, 2018). "Tezos Seeks Revamp, Scars Remain". finews.com. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Irrera, Anna; Stecklow, Steve; Neghaiwi, Brenna Hughes (October 18, 2017). "Special Report: Backroom battle imperils $230 million cryptocurrency venture". Reuters. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (June 19, 2018). "Inside the World's Biggest Crypto Scandal". Wired. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  6. ^ Bernardo, Bruno; Cauderlier, Raphaël; Hu, Zhenlei; Pesin, Basile; Tesson, Julien (September 18, 2019). "Mi-Cho-Coq, a framework for certifying Tezos Smart Contracts". arXiv:1909.08671 [cs.PL].
  7. ^ A. Das and S. Balzer and J. Hoffmann and F. Pfenning and I. Santurkar (2019). "Resource-Aware Session Types for Digital Contracts". 2021 2021 IEEE 34th Computer Security Foundations Symposium (CSF). pp. 1–16. arXiv:1902.06056. doi:10.1109/CSF51468.2021.00004. ISBN 978-1-7281-7607-9. ISSN 2374-8303. S2CID 53987556. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020.[dead link]
  8. ^ Harz, Dominik; Knottenbelt, William J. (2018). "Towards Safer Smart Contracts: A Survey of Languages and Verification Methods". p. 4. arXiv:1809.09805 [cs.CR].
  9. ^ Chen, Shiping (2018). Blockchain -- ICBC 2018 : first International Conference, held as part of the Services Conference Federation, SCF 2018, Seattle, WA, USA, June 25-30, 2018, Proceedings. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 78–80. ISBN 978-3-319-94478-4. OCLC 1042075107. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Tezos (XTZ)". research.binance.com. April 6, 2020. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2020. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; October 30, 2020 suggested (help)
  11. ^ "Tezos Bakers". Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  12. ^ Vigna, Paul (2018). The Truth Machine: The Blockchain and the Future of Everything (March 2019 ed.). Picador. p. 89. ISBN 978-1250304179.
  13. ^ Tabuchi, Hiroko (April 13, 2021). "NFTs Are Shaking Up the Art World. Are They Also Fueling Climate Change?". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  14. ^ Irrera, Anna; Stecklow, Steve; McCrank, John (April 19, 2018). "Wall Street regulator sanctions Tezos cryptocurrency project co-founder". Reuters. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  15. ^ "Tezos Fights Over ICO Millions". finews.com. October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  16. ^ a b Rodrigues, Usha R. (2020). "Embrace the SEC". Washington University Journal of Law & Policy. 61: 133–154.(subscription required)
  17. ^ Cohney, Shaanan; Hoffman, David; Sklaroff, Jeremy; Wishnick, David (2019). "Coin-Operated Capitalism". Columbia Law Review. 119 (3): 661. ISSN 0010-1958. JSTOR 26652184.
  18. ^ a b c Vigna, Paul (February 1, 2018). "Bitcoin Brawl: A New Twist in Tezos's $232 Million Coin Offering". WSJ.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  19. ^ a b Bart, Katharina (August 3, 2017). "Record ICO's Swiss Ties Raise Eyebrows". finews.com. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  20. ^ Bart, Katharina (October 20, 2017). "Tezos Foundation Head Hits Back". finews.com. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  21. ^ Roberts, Jeff John (October 19, 2017). "Tezos in Trouble? Infighting After a Major ICO". Fortune. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  22. ^ Cheng, Ari Levy,Evelyn (November 30, 2017). "Investors are shunning new cryptocurrencies even as they pour money into bitcoin". CNBC. Retrieved August 24, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Wong, Joon Ian (July 20, 2022). "The $400 million raised to create a new cryptocurrency is now at risk". Quartz. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  24. ^ Hody, Peter (December 5, 2017). "Tezos: Foundation Head May Hold Trump Card". finews.com. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  25. ^ Stecklow, Steve; Irrera, Anna; Neghaiwi, Brenna Hughes (December 1, 2017). "Exclusive: Tezos founders push for legal bailout from Swiss foundation". Reuters. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  26. ^ Irrera, Anna; Stecklow, Steve (September 1, 2020). "Tezos Legal Settlement Gets Final OK, Ending Three-Year Court Battle". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  27. ^ "Tezos Co-Founder Joins Swiss Foundation". finews.com. February 24, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  28. ^ Burns, Mark (5 August 2021). "Mets add blockchain firm Tezos to sponsor roster". Sports Business Journal. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  29. ^ Crafton, Adam (9 February 2022). "Manchester United confirm £20m sponsorship deal with blockchain company Tezos". The Athletic.
  30. ^ McCaskill, Steve (November 15, 2022). "Manchester United Launch Official NFT Digital Collectibles with Tezos". Sports Pro Media.
  31. ^ "Tezos Protocol Final Security Audit Report" (PDF). Least Authority. March 16, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
  32. ^ "Analysis of Emmy+". Nomadic Labs. 2019. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  33. ^ Neuder, Michael; Moroz, Daniel J.; Rao, Rithvik; Parkes, David C. (April 7, 2020). "Selfish Behavior in the Tezos Proof-of-Stake Protocol". arXiv:1912.02954 [cs.CR].
  34. ^ Tenderbake Protocol Draft https://gitlab.com/tezos/tzip/-/blob/master/drafts/current/draft_tenderbake.md

External links[edit]

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