User:Laura.griffin24/Pleistoannelida

Introduction

"Pleistoannelida is a group of annelid worms that comprises the vast majority of the diversity in phylum Annelida. Discovered through phylogenetic analyses, it is the largest clade of annelids, comprised by the last common ancestor of the highly diverse sister groups Errantia and Sedentaria (Clitellata and related polychaetes) and all the descendants of that ancestor. "Most groups in the Clade find their ancestors within the Cambrian explosion when Annelid diversity expanded dramatically. The Pleistoannelida clade covers a variety of traits. However, the evolution of simple to complex eyes, developed papillae for burrowing, and for some specialized radioles for feeding can be seen universally across every species. New findings have discovered the range of Annelid diversity have led to uncertainty if groups with developed ancestral traits should remain within the clade. Furthermore There's been a lack of recently discovered Annelid traits being used in the categorization of groups within the clade, leading to many hypothesis on how to do so and which should remain within the clade. Currently three smaller clades that were originally a part of the groups Errantia and Sedentaria have been proven to fall outside while still being connected to the basal groups.

Half of a fossil containing the species of worm Esconites zelus.

Morphological Studies

(A) Anterior end of Magelona mirabilis, showing prostomium, palps, achaetous first segment and first five chaetigers (dorsal view)

There has been research conducted to help determine the taxonomy of the clade Pleistoannelida. The research includes the morphological characteristics of the clade as well as the phylum Annelida as a whole. For example, there are studies of gene expression in annelids. It was supported that larval eyes of annelids are considered homologous to pigmented eyes of bilaterians. It is believed that annelid adult eyes evolved in a common ancestor of Pleistoannelida. Besides the eyes, it has also been studied that commissures in the brain, glanglia, and nuchal organs were to have also evolved in the lineage of Pleistonannelida (Errantia and Sedentaria) by observing Magelona mirabilis. At a cellular level, it was found that the highly conserved mitochondrial gene order could be only depicted to the clade Pleistoannelida.

Phylogeny and History

"Pleistoannelida is composed by two big clades: Errantia (eunicids, siboglinids and related polychaetes) and Sedentaria (spoon worms, tubeworms, clitellates and related polychaetes). There are also smaller groups of difficult placement, such as Myzostomida and Spintheridae, that belong to either one of them.Closely related to Pleistoannelida is a grade of basal annelids: the Amphinomida/Sipunculida/Lobatocerebrum clade (A, Chaetopterida and Palaeoannelida." The clade Amphinomida was once originally included within Errantia, but has since been removed into its own taxa.