User:Kodiak Blackjack/sandbox

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Jaguar cichlid
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cichliformes
Family: Cichlidae
Genus: Parachromis
Species:
P. managuensis
Binomial name
Parachromis managuensis
(Günther, 1867)[2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Parachromis gulosus Agassiz, 1859 (senior synonym, nomen oblitum)
  • Heros managuensis Günther, 1867[2]
  • Cichlasoma managuense (Günther, 1867)
  • Herichthys managuense (Günther, 1867)
  • Nandopsis managuense (Günther, 1867)

The jaguar cichlid (Parachromis managuensis) is a species of cichlid native to freshwater and estuarine wetlands throughout Central America.

  • found from Honduras to Costa Rica.[4]
  • it's also an invasive species
  • the jaguar cichlid is popular in the aquarium trade

Taxonomy[edit]

Etymology and nomenclatural history[edit]

The specific name, managuensis, refers to Lake Managua in Nicaragua, from which the holotype specimen was obtained.[5]

it is variously known as the jaguar cichlid, managuense cichlid, managua cichlid, Aztec cichlid, spotted guapote and jaguar guapote.[4] In Costa Rica, it is known as the "guapote tigre."[6]

  • Parachromis gulosus (Agassiz, 1859)
  • was considered part of genus Cichlasoma
  • then was considered part of Nandopsis until 1997

The jaguar cichlid was originally described as Parachromis gulosus by Louis Agassiz in 1859.

described as Heros managuensis by Albert Günther in 1867.[2]

Phylogeny and evolutionary history[edit]

Parachromis 

In 2015, the complete mitochrondrial genome of the jaguar cichlid was sequenced by a team of researchers from the Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences and the Guangxi Introduction and Breeding Center of Aquaculture. It measures 16,526 base pairs (bp) in length, and consists of 28.1% adenine, 25.5% thiamine, 15.4% guanine, and 31.0% cytosine.[9]

Anatomy and description[edit]

A male jaguar cichlid, characterized by its prominent black chin spots and slightly-pronounced nuchal hump.

P. managuensis is a robust fish with a silvery or golden-green to purple colour, with a darker moss green shade at the dorsum. The sides show a purple iridescence and the belly is whitish or yellowish. A series of several large black dots then run horizontally along the lateral line area. The fins are often a dark to black coloration, especially when in spawning coloration. The most distinguished feature is a black stripe than run from the eye to the opercular margin.[4] Males grow to a total length of 65 centimetres (26 in) and females to 40 centimetres (16 in).[10] The female also lacks the elongated extensions to the dorsal fins.

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The natural distribution of P. managuensis goes from the Ulúa River in Honduras to the Matina River basin in Costa Rica.[4] However, it has been introduced in other countries in Central America, as well as in the United States, as a food source, for aquarism and to control fish populations.[10]

Jaguar cichlids inhabit lakes, prefer turbid waters with mud bottoms, and are tolerant to eutrophic and hypoxic conditions.[10] Its native substrate is mud-bottoms, but it can also be found in ponds and springs with sandy bottoms covered in plant debris. It prefers water with a pH of 7.0–8.7, a water hardness of 10–15 dGH, and a temperature range of 25 to 36 °C (77 to 97 °F).[4]

In Nicaragua[edit]

The jaguar cichlid is one of two cichlid species found within every crater lake of Nicaragua, the other being Amphilophus citrinellus.[11]

Ecology and behavior[edit]

Hunting and diet[edit]

  • Jaguar cichlids are hypercarnivores.
  • Juvenile[a] jaguar cichlids tend to prey upon insects and small fish.[13]
  • An adult's prey volume will consist almost entirely (94.3%) of other fish.[13]

Reproduction and life cycle[edit]

A female jaguar cichlid guarding its spawn.
  • lays eggs or something
  • The fertilization rate of eggs is 93.5 ± 1.3%, and the embryo survival rate is 94.5 ± 1.2%.[14]

Hybridization[edit]

This species is capable of hybridizing with Parachromis dovii,[15] Amatitlania nigrofasciata,[16] and Mayaheros urophthalmus.[17]

Hybridization with the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has been attempted in laboratory conditions via artificial insemination, resulting in successful fertilization in both sexes and normal embryonic development up to the early blastula stage. However, all hybrid offspring subsequently developed life-threatening birth defects, including incomplete cranial development, crooked notochords, pericardial effusion, and a lack of heartbeat; as a result, none survived to term.[14]

Health and mortality[edit]

Parasites[edit]

Predation[edit]

As an invasive species[edit]

Jaguar cichlid (center) with tilapia in Taichung, Taiwan
Main page: Jaguar cichlids as an invasive species

[22]

Relationship with humans[edit]

In the aquarium[edit]

The jaguar cichlid was first imported to the United States in 1964.[23]

  • prefers temperatures of 74.3–80.6 °F (23.5–27.0 °C), and pH around 7.5.[24] water chemistry is not critical, but ideally it should be soft and well-filtered[25]
  • minimum tank size of 50 US gal (190 L) for a single adult, 65 US gal (250 L) for a species pair; highly territorial and should not be kept with other species[24] (this seems small as hell - find another source. also it's totally fine hybridizing and they make no mention of this)
  • shelter should be provided in the form of rocks, driftwood, clay pots, and PVC pipes; plant decor will be uprooted[24]. all decoration should be well-bedded[25]
  • occupies the bottom to middle of a tank[24]
  • will breed readily in captivity, may consume fry.[24] eggs are usually laid on a pre-cleaned site (such as a rock).[25]
  • fry are at risk of being sucked into power filters due to their small size. sponge filters are recommended in breeding tanks[26]

Recreational fishing[edit]

Conservation status[edit]

Due to its wide geographic distribution, abundance within its native range, and its prevalence in aquaculture and the ornamental fish trade, the jaguar cichlid is listed as a least-concern species on the IUCN Red List.[1] Its native range overlaps with several protected areas, including the Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve in Nicaragua[12] and the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge in Costa Rica.[6]

In Lake Nicaragua, reports from local fishermen suggest that the introduction of the non-native Hypostomus aspidolepis (colloquially referred to as "devil fish") is directly responsible for a decline in the lake's jaguar cichlid population.[28] This population decline is compounded by several other factors, including the introduction of tilapia (O. niloticus, O. mossambicus, and O. aureus) into the lake and surrounding San Juan basin,[28] which compete with native cichlids for territory and prey,[29] as well as water pollution from agricultural runoff, industrial mining, and untreated sewage.[1]

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parachromis managuensis.
Wikispecies has information related to Parachromis managuensis.
  1. ^ "Juvenile" defined here as specimens with a TL (total length) of less than 200 millimetres (7.9 in).
  1. ^ a b c Lyons, T.J.; Matamoros, W.A. (5 February 2020). "Parachromis managuensis (Jaguar Guapote)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 5 February 2020: e.T18243419A161824499. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18243419A161824499.en. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Günther, Albert C.L.G. (13 December 1866). "On the fishes of the states of Central America, founded upon specimens collected in fresh and marine waters of various parts of that country by Messrs. Salvin and Godman and Capt. J. M. Dow". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. London Academic Press, [etc.] 1833-1965. p. 602. Retrieved 13 May 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867)". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Parachromis managuensis" in FishBase. July 2022 version.
  5. ^ "California Academy of Sciences: Catalog of Fishes". Archived from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  6. ^ a b Varga, Mauricio Salas (July 2008). Humedales de Ramsar (FIR) – Versión 2006-2008 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Centro Científico Tropical. p. 20. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  7. ^ Říčan, Oldřich; Piálek, Lubomír; Dragová, Klára & Novák, Jindřich (2016). "Diversity and evolution of the Middle American cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with revised classification" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 66 (1): 1–102. doi:10.3897/vz.66.e31534. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2024.Open access icon
  8. ^ Říčan, Oldřich; Piálek, Lubomír; Zardoya, Rafael; Doadrio, Ignacio; Zrzavy, Jan (March 2013). "Biogeography of the Mesoamerican Cichlidae (Teleostei: Heroini): Colonization through the GAARlandia land bridge and early diversification". Journal of Biogeography. 40 (3): 579–593. Archived from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  9. ^ Liu, Lihui; He, Jinzhao; Fu, Xiaozhe; Lin, Qiang; Shi, Cunbin; Lv, Yejian; Zhang, Zhixin (8 July 2015) [23 March 2015]. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Parachromis managuensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae)" (PDF). Mitochondrial DNA Part A. 27 (4): 2533–2534. doi:10.3109/19401736.2015.1038791. ISSN 1940-1744. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  10. ^ a b c Del Moral-Flores, Luis Fernando; Pintor, Rubén; García-Mercado, Eduardo; León, Cesar (18 November 2020). "A new record of the exotic Guapote jaguar, Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867) (Cichliformes, Cichlidae) in a tropical coastal lagoon of the Mexican Pacific slope". Neotropical Biology and Conservation. 15 (4): 479–485. doi:10.3897/neotropical.15.e57669. eISSN 2236-3777. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024.Open access icon
  11. ^ Torres-Dowdall, Julián; Meyer, Axel (20 September 2021). "Sympatric and Allopatric Diversification in the Adaptive Radiations of Midas Cichlids in Nicaraguan Lakes". The Behavior, Ecology and Evolution of Cichlid Fishes. Fish & Fisheries Series. Vol. 40. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 175–216. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2080-7_6. ISBN 978-94-024-2080-7. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  12. ^ a b Bedarf, Anne; McKaye, Kenneth R.; Van den Bergh, Eric P.; Perez, Lorenzo J. L.; Secor, David H. (December 2001). "Initial six-year expansion of an introduced piscivorous fish in a tropical Central American lake". Biological Invasions. 3. Kluwer Academic Publishers: 391–404. doi:10.1023/A:1015806700705. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  13. ^ a b Gestring, Kelly; Shafland, Paul (Summer 1997). "Selected life history attributes of the exotic jaguar guapote (Cichlasoma managuenese) in Florida" (PDF). Florida Scientist. 60: 137–142. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
  14. ^ a b Cao, Jianmeng; Yang, Na; Liu, Zhigang; Lu, Maixin; Gao, Fengying; Ke, Xaioli; Wang, Miao; Yi, Mengmeng (September 2021) [1 March 2021]. "Distant hybridization and gynogenesis between Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and Jaguar cichlid Parachromis managuensis". Animal Reproduction Science. 232. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106806.
  15. ^ Valverde-Chavarría, Silvia; Álvarez-González, Carlos A.; Brais-Medina, Miguel; Calvo-Elizondo, Elman; Ulloa-Rojas, Juan B. (2 July 2016) [29 February 2016]. "In vitro digestibility and proteases inhibitory effect of several feedstuffs for Parachromis dovii juveniles and P. dovii hybrid larvae". Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 42: 1767–1776. doi:10.1007/s10695-016-0256-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  16. ^ Říčan, Oldřich; Musilová, Zuzana; Muška, Milan & Novák, Jindřich (January 2005). "Development of coloration patterns in neotropical cichlids (Teleostei : Cichlidae : Cichlasomatinae)". Journal of Vertebrate Biology. 54. Czech Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  17. ^ Hui, Tan Heok; Peng, Kelvin Lim Kok; Huan, Liew Jia; Wei, Low Bi; Hing, Rayson Lim Bock; Beng, Jeffrey Kwik Teik & Yeo, Darren C.J. (16 April 2020). "The non-native freshwater fishes of Singapore: an annotated compilation" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 68: 150–195. doi:10.26107/RBZ-2020-0016. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  18. ^ Santacruz, Ana; Morales-Serna, Francisco Nepetalí; Leal-Cardín, Mariana; Barluenga, Marta; Pérez-Ponce de Léon, Gerardo (17 February 2020) [18 September 2019]. "Acusicola margulisae n. sp. (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) from freshwater fishes in a Nicaraguan crater lake based on morphological and molecular evidence" (PDF). Systematic Parasitology. 97. Springer Nature: 165–177. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  19. ^ Pernett, Sandra C. Díaz; Brant, Sara V.; Locke, Sean A. (18 August 2022) [2 April 2022]. "First integrative study of the diversity and specificity of metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 from native and introduced fishes in the Caribbean". Parasitology. 149 (14). Cambridge University Press: 1894–1909. doi:10.1017/S0031182022001214. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  20. ^ González-Solís, David; Jiménez-García, María I. (2006). "Parasitic Nematodes of Freshwater Fishes from Two Nicaraguan Crater Lakes" (PDF). Comparative Parasitology. 73 (2): 188–192. doi:10.1654/4195.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  21. ^ Mendoza-Franco, Edgar F.; Posel, Petr; Dumailo, Svetlana (2003). "Monogeneans (Dactylogyridae: Ancyrocephalinae) of Freshwater Fishes from the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua" (PDF). Comparative Parasitology. 70 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1654/1525-2647(2003)070[0032:MDAOFF]2.0.CO;2.
  22. ^ "Jaguar Guapote (Parachromis managuensis) Ecological Risk Screening Summary" (PDF). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 10 April 2018 [February 2011]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  23. ^ Marsh, Paul C.; Burke, Thomas A.; DeMarais, Bruce D.; Douglas, Michael E. (31 July 1989). "First North American record of Cichlasoma managuense (Pisces: Cichlidae)". Great Basin Naturalist. 49 (3). Brigham Young University: 387–389. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  24. ^ a b c d e Bailey, Mary; Fletcher, Nick; Fuller, Ian; Hardwick, Richard; Hiscock, Peter; Lambert, Pat; Rundle, John; Smith, Andrew; Webb, Kevin (2023) [2006]. What Freshwater Fish? A Buyer's Guide to Tropical Aquarium Fish. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books Ltd. p. 21. ISBN 978-0228104278. LCCN 2022945101.
  25. ^ a b c Jennings, Greg, ed. (2018). 500 Freshwater Aquarium Fish: A Visual Reference to the Most Popular Species. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-77085-919-7. LCCN 2018931667.
  26. ^ Houston, Rob; ElNaggar, Jennette; Hand, Lori Cates; Guerrero, Angeles Gavira, eds. (2019) [2005]. "Filtration and aeration". Encyclopedia of Aquarium & Pond Fish (3rd ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Random House LLC. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4654-8031-6. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
  27. ^ "Guapote, jaguar (Parachromis managuensis)". International Game Fish Association. Retrieved 24 April 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ a b Härer, Andreas; Torres‐Dowdall, Julián & Meyer, Axel (February 2017) [30 September 2016]. "The imperiled fish fauna in the Nicaragua Canal zone". Conservation Biology. 31 (1): 86–95. doi:10.1111/cobi.12768. PMC 5245113. PMID 27253906. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  29. ^ McKaye, Kenneth R.; Ryan, Joseph D.; Stauffer Jr., Jay Richard; Pérez, Lorenzo López; Vega, Gabriel Hipólito & Van de Berghe, Eric Pierre (June 1995). "African Tilapia in Lake Nicaragua". BioScience. 45 (6): 406–411. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
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