User:Johntobey/Human evolutionary pedigree

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This table shows the human evolutionary pedigree, excluding extinct groups. It attempts to list all extant sister taxa of clades that contain humans. As of July 2013, much of this information is subject to debate and ongoing research, and the linked articles often contradict each other.

Parent Group Sister Group When Diverged Example Notes
Hominini Chimpanzee, 2 species 8 million years ago[1]
Homininae Gorilla, 2 species 11 million years ago[1]
Hominidae Orangutan, 2 species 16 million years ago[1]
Ape Gibbon, 16 species 22 million years ago[1]
Catarrhini Old World monkey, 139 species 29 million years ago[1]
Simian New World monkey, 148 species 43 million years ago[1]
Haplorrhini Tarsier, 10–13 species 64 million years ago[1]
Alternative: tarsiers as Strepsirrhini, i.e., Prosimians.[1]
Primate Strepsirrhini, 125 species 64 million years ago[1]
Primatomorpha Colugo, 2 species under 66 [2]–68 [1]–80 [3] million years ago
Euarchonta Treeshrew, 20 species under 66 [2]–86 million years ago[3]
Euarchontoglires Glires, c. 2,357 species under 66 [2]–88 million years ago[3]
Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria, c. 2,286 species under 66 [2]–90 million years ago[citation needed]
Eutheria Atlantogenata, 108 species under 66 [2]–110 million years ago[citation needed]
Alternatives: Epitheria, Exafroplacentalia.
Theria Marsupial, 334 species c. 125 million years ago[citation needed]
Mammal Prototheria, 5 species c. 220 million years ago[citation needed]
Amniote Sauropsida c. 315 million years ago[citation needed]
Tetrapod Lissamphibia c. 365 million years ago[citation needed]
Alternative: Caecilian.
Rhipidistia Lungfish, 6 species c. 390 million years ago[citation needed]
Sarcopterygii Coelacanth, 2 species c. 390 million years ago[citation needed]
Osteichthyes Actinopterygii, c. 24,000 species over 420 million years ago[citation needed]
Gnathostomata Chondrichthyes c. 461 million years ago[citation needed]
Vertebrate Hyperoartia, 43 species c. 462 million years ago[citation needed]
Craniata Hagfish, c. 77 species over c. 550 million years ago[4]
Tunicate, c. 3,000 species over c. 550 million years ago[4]
Chordate Lancelet, c. 20 species over c. 550 million years ago[4]
Alternatively grouped with tunicates.
Hemichordata, c. 120 species over c. 550 million years ago[4]
Deuterostome Echinoderm, c. 7,000 species over c. 550 million years ago[4]
Alternative: Lophophorate.
Protostome, millions of species over 558 million years ago[citation needed]
Bilateria Flatworm, c. 20,000 species over c. 550 million years ago[citation needed]
Cnidaria, 9,000+ species over c. 580 million years ago[5]
[6] Placozoa, 1+ species over c. 580 million years ago[5]
Placozoa may have diverged after Cnidaria.[citation needed]
Ctenophora, 100-175 species 604 –634 million years ago[7]
Calcarea, c. 400 species 940 [8]–1,800 +[9] million years ago
Alternatives: demosponges, Homoscleromorpha, Silicarea
Demosponge, 8,000+ species c. 940 [8]–1,800 +[9] million years ago
Alternative: Homoscleromorpha
Animal Homoscleromorpha[10], fewer than 100 species c. 940 [8]–1,800 +[9] million years ago
Choanoflagellate, 125+ species[11] c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage.
Filozoa Filasterea c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage.
Holozoa Mesomycetozoea c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage.
Opisthokont Holomycota c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage.
Unikont Amoebozoa c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage.
Eukaryote Bikont c. 940 [8]–1,780 [12] million years ago[13]
Plants may be bikonts. The bikont group may be paraphyletic.[14] Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage.
[15][16] Archaea c. 1,680 –1,780 million years ago[12]
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage.
Cell Bacteria c. 2,150 [12]–2,700 [17] million years ago
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage.
Biota Non-cellular life 3,900 million years ago[citation needed]
Horizontal gene transfer may affect lineage.
Matter Inorganic compound 4,000 million years ago[citation needed]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Helen J Chatterjee, Simon Y.W. Ho , Ian Barnes & Colin Groves (2009). "Estimating the phylogeny and divergence times of primates using a supermatrix approach". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 259. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-259. PMC 2774700. PMID 19860891.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e O'Leary, MA; Bloch, JI; Flynn, JJ; Gaudin, TJ (2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals" (PDF). Science. 339 (6120): 662–7. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. OCLC 827160921. PMID 23393258. Retrieved February 2013. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ a b c [1], Flying lemurs are the closest relatives of primates
  4. ^ a b c d e http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v402/n6757/abs/402042a0.html
  5. ^ a b Chen, J-Y.; Oliveri, P; Li, CW; Zhou, GQ; Gao, F; Hagadorn, JW; Peterson, KJ; Davidson, EH (2000). "Putative phosphatized embryos from the Doushantuo Formation of China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (9): 4457–4462. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4457. PMC 18256. PMID 10781044.
  6. ^ Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, K.; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Nisc; Mullikin, J. C.; Martindale, M. Q.; Baxevanis, A. D. (October 2010). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa". EvoDevo. 1 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9. PMC 2959044. PMID 20920347.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2005). "Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (27): 9547–9552. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503660102. PMID 15983372.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nikoh N, Iwabe N, Kuma K; et al. (July 1997). "An estimate of divergence time of Parazoa and Eumetazoa and that of Cephalochordata and Vertebrata by aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase clocks". J. Mol. Evol. 45 (1): 97–106. doi:10.1007/PL00006208. PMID 9211740. Retrieved 2009-03-20. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c Nichols, S., and Wörheide, G. (2005). "Sponges: New Views of Old Animals". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45 (2): 333–334. doi:10.1093/icb/45.2.333. PMID 21676777.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Sperling, Erik A.; Peterson, Kevin J.; Pisani, Davide (July 2009). "Phylogenetic-Signal Dissection of Nuclear Housekeeping Genes Supports the Paraphyly of Sponges and the Monophyly of Eumetazoa". Mol Biol Evol. 26 (10): 2261–2274. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp148. PMID 19597161.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  11. ^ King, Nicole; et al. (2008). "The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the origin of metazoans". Nature. 451 (7180): 783–8. doi:10.1038/nature06617. PMC 2562698. PMID 18273011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Rasmussen B, Fletcher IR, Brocks JJ, Kilburn MR (October 2008). "Reassessing the first appearance of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria". Nature. 455 (7216): 1101–4. doi:10.1038/nature07381. PMID 18948954.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Chernikova, Diana; Motamedi, Sam; Csürös, Miklós; Koonin, Eugene V; Rogozin, Igor B (May 19, 2011). "A late origin of the extant eukaryotic diversity: divergence time estimates using rare genomic changes". Biol Direct. 6 (26): 26. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-6-26. PMC 3125394. PMID 21595937.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Rogozin, I.B.; Basu, M.K.; Csürös, M. & Koonin, E.V. (2009). "Analysis of Rare Genomic Changes Does Not Support the Unikont–Bikont Phylogeny and Suggests Cyanobacterial Symbiosis as the Point of Primary Radiation of Eukaryotes". Genome Biology and Evolution. 1: 99–113. doi:10.1093/gbe/evp011. PMC 2817406. PMID 20333181.
  15. ^ Woese CR, Gupta R (1981). "Are archaebacteria merely derived 'prokaryotes'?". Nature. 289 (5793): 95–6. doi:10.1038/289095a0. PMID 6161309.
  16. ^ Woese C (1998). "The universal ancestor". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (12): 6854–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6854. PMC 22660. PMID 9618502.
  17. ^ Brocks JJ, Logan GA, Buick R, Summons RE (1999). "Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes". Science. 285 (5430): 1033–6. doi:10.1126/science.285.5430.1033. PMID 10446042.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)


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