User:Ichthyovenator/Adaside dynasty

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Adaside dynasty
liblibbi dārû ša Bēl-bāni[a]
Royal family
CountryAssyria
Babylonia
Foundedc. 1700 BC
FounderBel-bani
Final rulerShalmaneser V
Titles
TraditionsAncient Mesopotamian religion
Dissolution7th century BC
Deposition722 BC
Cadet branchesSargonid dynasty (?)

The Adaside dynasty,[2] also known as the Adasi dynasty,[3][4] was the ruling dynasty of ancient Assyria for most of the kingdom's history, being founded during the Old Assyrian period through the accesion of Bel-bani, the son of a usurper by the name Adasi, to the Assyrian throne c. 1700 BC and losing power with the deposition and death of Shalmaneser V in 722 BC during the Neo-Assyrian period, nearly a thousand years later. The Sargonid dynasty, which succeeded Shalmaneser V and ruled until the end of the Assyrian Empire in 609 BC, may or may not have been a branch of the Adaside dynasty.[4]

In Babylonia, the Adaside dynasty was known as the Baltil dynasty (palê Baltil),[5] named after the oldest portion of the city of Assur.

History [WIP][edit]

Background and origin [WIP][edit]

The Adaside dynasty was founded in the Old Assyrian period by Bel-bani (r. c. 1700–1691 BC).[6][b]


after a six-year period following the end of the preceding Shamshi-Adad dynasty when seven different claimants had competed for power, including Bel-bani's own father Adasi (from whom the dynasty gets its name). Later Assyrian monarchs, Bel-bani's descendants, would revere Bel-bani as a restorer of stability and as the founder of a dynasty that endured for countless centuries and he in time became an almost mythical ancestor figure.[6]

Rulers of Assyria [WIP][edit]

End of the Adaside dynasty[edit]

Possible depiction of Shalmaneser V (r. 727–722 BC) during his time as crown prince. Shalmaneser V was the last Adaside king to rule before the rise of the Sargonid dynasty.

The son and successor of Tiglath-Pileser, Shalmaneser V (r. 727–722 BC) was an unpopular king, owing to his poor military and administrative skills and his overtaxation of the peoples of the empire. After a reign of only five years, Shalmaneser was replaced as king, probably being deposed and assassinated in a palace coup by Sargon II (r. 722–705 BC), who founded the Sargonid dynasty.[7] Though Sargon II would be connected to previous kings in king lists through a claim that he was the son of Tiglath-Pileser III, this claim is not presented in most of his own inscriptions, where he is also described as being called upon and personally appointed as king by Ashur.[8] Modern historians are divided on whether Sargon was Tiglath-Pileser's son or not, but he is generally believed at the very least not to have been the legitimate heir of Shalmaneser.[9][10] Sargon's claims to royal ancestry are as such also at times treated with caution.[11] Sargon's name was a regnal name, assumed upon his accession, and among the possible translations are "legitimate king", which means it may have been taken in an effort to portray himself as legitimate.[7] In Babylonian king lists, the Adaside and Sargonid kings are separated into two distinct dynasties; Tiglath-Pileser and Shalmaneser are grouped into the "Baltil dynasty" (Baltil being the oldest portion of the city of Assur) and Sargon and his successors are grouped into the "Hanigalbat dynasty", perhaps connecting them to the Adaside princes who had ruled as viceroys in Hanigalbat.[5]

Though no non-Sargonid royal would succeed in taking power after Shalmaneser's deposition and death, the Adaside dynasty survived 722 BC and members are attested later. Notably, Ashur-dain-aplu, who was likely one of Shalmaneser's sons, appears to have served as a high-ranking palace official, with the title ša pān ekalli, as late as the reign of Esarhaddon (r. 681–669 BC).[12] Documents from Esarhaddon's time allude to the threat that "descendants of former royalty" could try to seize the Assyrian throne, perhaps indicating that an Adaside restoration was a real threat.[13] In 671–670 BC, Esarhaddon had to contend with an usurper named Sasî, who swiftly rallied support throughout Assyria, even getting Esarhaddon's chief eunuch Ashur-nasir to join him. Sasî, who must have been connected to Assyrian royalty in some capacity to claim the throne, had been proclaimed as the 'destroyer of the seed of Sennacherib', indicating that he was a descendant of one of the kings before Sennacherib (r. 705–681 BC), meaning either Sargon II or one of the Adaside kings.[14]

The Assyriologist Stephanie Dalley believes that it is possible that one of the branches of the family established at Hanigalbat lasted until the 7th century BC.[15] In 622 BC, Assyrian records tell that a "general" in the empire's western provinces, i.e. the region around Hanigalbat, whose name is not recorded, took advantage of the war between Sinsharishkun of Assyria and the Babylonian rebel Nabopolassar and seized Nineveh, the Assyrian capital under the Sargonids, ruling there for a hundred days before Sinsharishkun returned and defeated him. The general had taken the city without fighting since the Assyrian army had surrendered before him, indicating that he might have been a member of the royal family (either the Sargonids or the Adasides), or at least a person that would be acceptable as king.[16]

Family tree[edit]

Though all kings of Assyria from Bel-bani down to the Sargonids were seen in later Assyrian tradition as belonging to the same royal dynasty, the sources corroborating the Adaside dynasty's continuity are few, consisting of inscriptions and the Assyrian King List itself. As usurpations, ostensibly by relatives, are recorded at several points in the sequence of kings, it is possible that there were unrecorded dynastic breaks. Officially, however, there was only a single, continuous royal dynasty.[17]

The genealogical relationships of the Old Assyrian kings of the Adaside dynasty (Adasi to Eriba-Adad I) follows Newgrosh (1999).[18] The genealogical relationships of later kings follows Chen (2020).[19] Regnal dates follow the Middle Chronology and are approximate up until the reign of Ashur-dan I. Kings indicated with bold text, women indicated with italics.

Bel-bani
r. c. 1700–1691 BC
Libaya
r. c. 1690–1674 BC		Bazaya
r. c. 1649–1622 BC
Sharma-Adad I
r. c. 1673–1662 BC		Shu-Ninua
r. c. 1615–1602 BC
Iptar-Sin
r. c. 1661–1650 BC		Sharma-Adad II
r. c. 1601–1598 BC		Erishum III
r. c. 1598–1586 BC		Ishme-Dagan
Shamshi-Adad II
r. c. 1585–1580 BC		Shamshi-Adad III
r. c. 1564–1548 BC
Ishme-Dagan II
r. c. 1580–1564 BC
Ashur-nirari I
r. c. 1548–1522 BC
Puzur-Ashur III
r. c. 1522–1498 BC
Enlil-nasir I
r. c. 1498–1485 BC
Nur-ili
r. c. 1485–1473 BC		Ashur-rabi I
r. c. 1485–1473 BC
Ashur-shaduni
r. c. 1473 BC		Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
r. c. 1433 BC		Enlil-nasir II
r. c. 1433–1427 BC		Ashur-nirari II
r. c. 1427–1420 BC
Ashur-bel-nisheshu
r. c. 1420–1411 BC		Ashur-rim-nisheshu
r. c. 1411–1403 BC		Ber-nadin-ahhe
[20]
Eriba-Adad I
r. c. 1393–1366 BC		Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
r. c. 1403–1393 BC		Ibashi-ili
[20]		Kidin-kube
[21]
Ashur-uballit I
r. c. 1365–1330 BC		Berutu
[22]		Abu-tab
[21]		Shamash-kidinnu
[20]
Enlil-nirari
r. c. 1329–1320 BC		Muballitat-SeruaEllil-mudammeq
[20]
Arik-den-ili
r. c. 1319–1308 BC
Adad-nirari I
r. c. 1307–1275 BC
Shalmaneser I
r. c. 1274–1245 BC		Ibashi-ili
[23]
Tukulti-Ninurta I
r. c. 1244–1208 BC		Qibi-Ashur
[23]
Ashur-nadin-apli
r. c. 1207–1204 BC		Ashur-nasir-apli
[24]		Enlil-kudurri-usur
r. c. 1197–1193 BC		Adad-bel-gabbe
[21]		Nabu-dan (?)
[25]		Ashur-iddin
[23]		Ashur-dammeq
[23]
Ashur-pirhi-erish
[21]		Ashur-nirari III
r. c. 1203–1198 BC		Ninurta-apal-Esharra
[26]		Ili-ipadda
[23]		Qarrad-Ashur
[23]		Ninuayyu
[23]		Ashur-zera-iddina
[23]
Ninurta-apal-Ekur
r. c. 1192–1180 BC		Mardukija
[23]		Eru-apla-iddina
[23]		Ashur-mudammeq
[23]
Ashur-dan I
r. 1179–1134 BC		Saggi'u
[23]
Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
r. 1133 BC		Mutakkil-Nusku
r. 1133 BC
Ashur-resh-ishi I
r. 1132–1115 BC
Tiglath-Pileser I
r. 1114–1076 BC
Asharid-apal-Ekur
r. 1075–1074 BC		Ashur-bel-kala
r. 1073–1056 BC		Shamshi-Adad IV
r. 1053–1050 BC
Eriba-Adad II
r. 1055–1054 BC		Ashurnasirpal I
r. 1049–1031 BC
Shalmaneser II
r. 1030–1019 BC		Ashur-rabi II
r. 1012–972 BC
Ashur-nirari IV
r. 1018–1013 BC		Ashur-resh-ishi II
r. 971–967 BC
Tiglath-Pileser II
r. 967–935 BC
Ashur-dan II
r. 935–912 BC
Adad-nirari II
r. 912–891 BC
...-Zarpanitu
[27]		Tukulti-Ninurta II
r. 891–884 BC
Ashurnasirpal II
r. 884–859 BC
Shalmaneser III
r. 859–824 BC
Ashur-danin-palShamshi-Adad V
r. 824–811 BC
Adad-nirari III
r. 811–783 BC
Shalmaneser IV
r. 783–773 BC		Ashur-dan III
r. 772–755 BC		Ashur-nirari V
r. 755–745/744 BC		Tiglath-Pileser III
r. 745–727 BC
Shalmaneser V
r. 727–722 BC		Sargonid dynasty (?)
Other children (?)Ashur-dain-aplu
[28]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ liblibbi dārû ša Bēl-bāni means "descendant of the eternal (seed) of Bel-bani", referring to the 17th century BC king Bel-bani, the son of Adasi, regarded by later kings as the founder of the royal dynasty.[1] Though the Adaside dynasty ruled Assyria for almost a thousand years, this genealogical description is only known to have been used by Esarhaddon, a king of the later Sargonid dynasty (whose kings claimed to be a part of the Adaside dynasty).[2]
  2. ^ This article uses the middle chronology, the most widely used chronology of the ancient Near East, where applicable.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Karlsson 2017, p. 4.
  2. ^ a b Veenhof & Eidem 2008, p. 24.
  3. ^ Poebel 1943, p. 59.
  4. ^ a b Frahm 2017, p. 191.
  5. ^ a b Fales 2014, pp. 204, 227.
  6. ^ a b Brinkman 1998, p. 288.
  7. ^ a b Mark 2014.
  8. ^ Parker 2011.
  9. ^ Cogan 2017, p. 154.
  10. ^ Garelli 1991, p. 46.
  11. ^ Chen 2020, p. 201.
  12. ^ Yamada & Yamada 2017, p. 426.
  13. ^ Ahmed 2018, p. 63.
  14. ^ Radner 2003, p. 173.
  15. ^ Dalley 2003, p. 28.
  16. ^ Na’aman 1991, p. 263.
  17. ^ Chavalas 1994, p. 115.
  18. ^ Newgrosh 1999, p. 80.
  19. ^ Chen 2020, pp. 197–201.
  20. ^ a b c d Saporetti 1970, pp. 178–179.
  21. ^ a b c d CDLI.
  22. ^ Grayson 1972, p. 54.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fales 2014, p. 227.
  24. ^ Poebel 1943, p. 57.
  25. ^ Poebel 1943, p. 56.
  26. ^ Poebel 1943, p. 58.
  27. ^ Teppo 2007, p. 388.
  28. ^ Yamada & Yamada 2017, p. 425.

Bibliography[edit]

Web sources[edit]

— Royal house —
Adaside dynasty
Founding year: 1700 BC
Preceded by Ruling House of Assyria
c. 1700–722 BC 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Ruling House of Babylonia
729–722 BC
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