User:Arya1100a/sandbox

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Islamic Republic of Iran
جمهوری اسلامی ایران (Persian)
Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān
Motto: 
استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی
Esteqlāl, Āzādi, Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi
("Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic")
(de facto)[1]
Anthem: 
سرود ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران
Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān
("National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran")
Location of Iran
Capital
and largest city
Tehran
35°41′N 51°25′E / 35.683°N 51.417°E / 35.683; 51.417
Official languagesPersian
Recognised regional languages
List of languages
Ethnic groups
List of ethnicities
Religion
State religion:
Islam (Twelver Shia)
Constitutionally recognized minorities:
Islam (Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanbali, Zaydi),
Christianity (Armenian, Assyrian, Chaldean),
Judaism,
Zoroastrianism
Demonym(s)Iranian,
Persian (historically)
Governmentde jure:
Unitary Khomeinist presidential Islamic republic
de facto:
Unitary theocratic-republican authoritarian[3][4][5] presidential republic subject to a Supreme Leader[6]
Ali Khamenei
• President
Hassan Rouhani
Eshaq Jahangiri
Ali Larijani
Ebrahim Raisi
• Upper house
Expediency Discernment Council[7]
Guardian Council
• Lower house
Islamic Consultative Assembly
Establishment history
3200 BC
• Elam
2700 BC
c. 678 BC
247 BC
224 AD[8]
934 AD
1501[9]
15 December 1925
7 January 1978 – 11 February 1979
24 October 1979
28 July 1989
Area
• Total
1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi) (17th)
• Water (%)
7.07
Population
• 2018 estimate
82,531,700[10] (18th)
• Density
48/km2 (124.3/sq mi) (162nd)
GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
• Total
$1.540 trillion[11] (18th)
• Per capita
$18,504[11]
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
• Total
$484 billion[11] (27th)
• Per capita
$5,820[11]
Gini (2013)37.4[12]
medium
HDI (2017)Increase 0.798[13]
high (60th)
CurrencyRial (ریال) (IRR)
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Date formatyyyy/mm/dd (SH)
Driving sideright
Calling code+98
ISO 3166 codeIR
Internet TLD
You may need rendering support to display the Persian text in this page correctly.

Iran,[a] also called Persia,[14] and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran,[b] is a country in Western Asia.[15][16] With over 81 million inhabitants,[10] Iran is the world's 18th most populous country.[17] Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan,[c] to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance.[18] Tehran is the capital, largest city, and leading economic and cultural center.

Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations,[19][20] beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE,[21] and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great, whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, one of the largest empires in history.[22] The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries.[23][24]

Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion. Iran's major contributions to art, philosophy, and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age. Over the next two centuries, a series of native Muslim dynasties emerged before the Seljuq Turks and the Ilkhanate Mongols conquered the region. The rise of the native Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity,[8] with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history.[9][25]

Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century,[26] though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses.[27][28] The Iranian Constitutional Revolution in the early 20th century created a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocratic rule under Mohammad Reza Shah and growing Western political influence.[29] A far-reaching series of reforms known as the White Revolution was launched by the Shah in 1963, prompting industrial growth, land reforms, and increased women's rights.[30] Nevertheless, widespread dissatisfaction and unrest against the monarchy persisted, leading to the 1979 Revolution, which established the existing Islamic republic.[31] For most of the 1980s, Iran fought a war with Iraq that resulted in severe casualties and economic devastation for both sides.

Iran's political system has elements of a presidential democracy with a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader".[32] It is widely regarded as authoritarian, with significant constraints and abuses against human rights.[33][34][35][36]

Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power,[37][38] and its large reserves of fossil fuels—including the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth largest proven oil reserves—exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy.[39][40] The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage sites, the third largest number in Asia and 11th largest in the world.[41] An historically multi-ethnic country, Iran remains a pluralistic society comprising numerous ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups, the largest being Persians, Azeris, Kurds, Mazandaranis and Lurs.[42][2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jeroen Temperman (2010). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance. Brill. pp. 87–. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9. The official motto of Iran is Takbir ("God is the Greatest" or "God is Great"). Transliteration Allahu Akbar. As referred to in art. 18 of the constitution of Iran (1979). The de facto motto however is: "Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic."
  2. ^ a b c "The World Factbook – Iran". Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 2008-04-21.
  3. ^ Vatanka, Alex (30 April 2015). "The Authoritarian Resurgence: Iran Abroad". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  4. ^ Fisher, Max. "How Iran Became an Undemocratic Democracy". The New York Times. No. May 17, 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  5. ^ "The Big Five Countries – Iran". www.resurgentdictatorship.org. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  6. ^ Buchta, Wilfried. "Taking Stock of a Quarter Century of the Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). Harvard Law School. Harvard Law School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015. [...] the Islamic Republic's political system, a theocratic-republican hybrid [...]
  7. ^ نقد-روزنامه-شرق-بر-سخنان-هاشمی-شاهرودی-مجمع-تشخیص-معادل-مجلس (in Persian). 10 February 2018.
  8. ^ a b Sarkhosh Curtis, Vesta; Stewart, Sarah (2005), Birth of the Persian Empire: The Idea of Iran, London: I.B. Tauris, p. 108, ISBN 9781845110628, Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations.
  9. ^ a b Andrew J. Newman (2006). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-667-6. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  10. ^ a b "داده‌ها و اطلاعات آماری". www.amar.org.ir.
  11. ^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". Data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  13. ^ "Human Development Index Update 2018". United Nations. 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  14. ^ A. Fishman, Joshua (2010). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives (Volume 1). Oxford University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-19-537492-6. ""Iran" and "Persia" are synonymous" The former has always been used by the Iranian speaking peoples themselves, while the latter has served as the international name of the country in various languages
  15. ^ ""CESWW" – Definition of Central Eurasia". Cesww.fas.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  16. ^ "Iran Guide". National Geographic. 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  17. ^ "National Census Preliminary Results Released: Iran's Urban Population Up". Financial Tribune. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  18. ^ "Iran's Strategy in the Strait of Hormuz". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  19. ^ Whatley, Christopher (2001). Bought and Sold for English Gold: The Union of 1707. Tuckwell Press.
  20. ^ Lowell Barrington (2012). Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices, 2nd ed.tr: Structures and Choices. Cengage Learning. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-111-34193-0. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  21. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopedia Article: Media ancient region, Iran". Britannica.com. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  22. ^ David Sacks; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody; Oswyn Murray; Lisa R. Brody (2005). Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world. Infobase Publishing. pp. 256 (at the right portion of the page). ISBN 978-0-8160-5722-1. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
  23. ^ Stillman, Norman A. (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands. Jewish Publication Society. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8276-1155-9.
  24. ^ Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haarer, Fiona K. (2006). Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies: London, 21–26 August, 2006, Volume 1. Ashgate Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7546-5740-8.
  25. ^ Savory, R. M. "Safavids". Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).
  26. ^ Axworthy, Door Michael (2006). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. ISBN 978-0-85772-193-8. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  27. ^ Fisher et al. 1991, pp. 329–330.
  28. ^ Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. pp. 728–730. ISBN 978-1-59884-948-6.
  29. ^ Cordesman, Anthony H. (1999). Iran's Military Forces in Transition: Conventional Threats and Weapons of Mass Destruction. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-275-96529-7.
  30. ^ Graham, Robert (1980). Iran: The Illusion of Power. London: St. Martin's Press. pp. 19, 96. ISBN 978-0-312-43588-2.
  31. ^ "Iran". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  32. ^ قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران (in Persian). Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
  33. ^ "2018 will go down in history as a year of shame for Iran". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  34. ^ "Nasrin Sotoudeh sentenced to 33 years and 148 lashes in Iran". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  35. ^ Avenue, Human Rights Watch | 350 Fifth; York, 34th Floor | New; t 1.212.290.4700, NY 10118-3299 USA | (28 October 2015). "Women's Rights in Iran". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 14 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ "Iran". freedomhouse.org. 30 January 2019.
  37. ^ The Committee Office, House of Commons. "Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, Eighth Report, Iran". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  38. ^ "Iran @ 2000 and Beyond lecture series, opening address, W. Herbert Hunt, 18 May 2000". Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  39. ^ "UPDATE 3-BP cuts global gas reserves estimate, mostly for Russia". Reuters.com. 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
  40. ^ CIA World Factbook. "Iran". Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  41. ^ "World Heritage List". UNESCO.
  42. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html


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