User:April.k0ala/Ghulam Ali Khan

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Early Life[edit]

Ghulam Ali Khan was born in the late eighteenth century.^[1] At this time, Shah Alam II presided over the Mughal Empire, but in 1803 the British occupied Delhi.^[2] Khan grew up and worked in a society that included Mughal and British cultures.^[1] He was the nephew of noted Mughal painter, Ghulam Murtaza Khan.^[3]

Career[edit]

Ghulam Ali Khan was the court painter of Mughal emperors Akbar II (reigned 1806–1837 CE) and Bahadur Shah II (reigned 1837–1858 CE) in Delhi.^[1] As well as working for the royal Mughal court, Ghulam Ali Khan received commissions from British officers in the East India Company -- particularly Colonel James Skinner and officer William Fraser -- and from regional courts, such as the court of Jhajjar and Alwar.^[1] His artwork conveyed picturesque aesthetics and incorporated a Mughal painting style (such as in royal portraiture)^[2] with the more European Company Style.

Painting Members of the Mughal Court[edit]

In the nineteenth century there was a shift in Mughal manuscript iconography that gave greater emphasis to architectural representation.^[2] The first artwork attributed to Ghulam Ali Khan is The Diwan-i Khan in the palace in the Delhi Fort [Red Fort] from 1817.^[1] The red tent in this watercolor serves as a stand-in for the emperor in his absence. He was a formal court painter since 1827 when he produced portraits for Akbar II and his son Mirza Salim.^[4] Khan signed these two portraits as "His Majesty's Painter" and "His Majesty's devoted faithful servant."^[1] A decade later in 1837 Khan painted the accession portraits of Bahadur Shah with his sons^[4] where they are set against the backdrop of the fireplace from the Zafar Mahal.^[5] He collaborated on the Portraits of the Exalted Emperors, producing the visual imperial genealogy in 1851.^[1] Other subject matter included painting high class courtesans, tawaifs, such as featured in Mirza Fakhruddin entertained by musicians in a salon at the Zafar Mahal, 1852.^[4]

Painting Beyond the Mughal Court[edit]

In 1827, Khan worked on a three-part painting series for Colonel Skinner memorializing portraits of Skinner's cavalry for a private album.^[1] These paintings were done in watercolor and gouache.^[4] Khan painted for Skinner again completing a portrait of the colonel in 1830.^[1] He participated in the Fraser Album project which was a collection of Delhi genre paintings.

Ghulam Ali Khan's patronage continued expanding beyond Delhi especially in the 1840s.^[4] From 1840-1853, Khan participated in the illuminating of the Gulistan (also known as the Golestan) manuscript for the Raja of Alwar. In the meantime, from 1840-1845 Khan also completed the watercolor of the Alwar gaddi for Banni Singh.^[1] He painted other commissions for the Alwar court, and he taught at the Alwar school of painting. His compositions featured the Nawab 'Abd al-Rahman Khan (e.g. Nawab 'Abd al-Rahman Khan in court with the envoy of the Raja of Alwar, Capt. Alexander Heatherly, 1852) and the Nawab of Jhajjar (such as in Nawab of Jhajjar astride a pet tiger, 1849-50).^[4]

Works[edit]

Portrait of Akbar II, 1827 (British Library)
Five Recruits - Ummee Chund, Indur, Goolzaree, Kukhtawur, and Juhaz; from the Fraser Album, ca. 1816 (Freer Gallery)

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Sharma, Yuthika. "In the Company of the Mughal Court, the Delhi Painter Ghulam Ali Khan". W Dalrymple and Y Sharma, Eds. Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi 1707-1857, Yale University Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dadlani, Chanchal B. (2019-08-12), "Chapter 5: Mughal Architecture Between Manuscript and Print Culture", From Stone to Paper: Architecture as History in the Late Mughal Empire, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-25096-1, retrieved 2021-04-21
^ Vakkalanka, Harshini (2013-02-06). "Art and an empire". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Losty, Jeremiah. "Two Important Late Mughal Group Portraits". Booklet published by Oliver Forge and Brendan Lynch, London, 2014.
^ Paliwal, Amita (2014). "ZAFAR MAHAL: EXPLORING THE HISTORY OF LATE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75: 1081–1089. ISSN 2249-1937.

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Sharma, Yuthika. "In the Company of the Mughal Court, the Delhi Painter Ghulam Ali Khan". W Dalrymple and Y Sharma, Eds. Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi 1707-1857, Yale University Press.

[:1-2] Dadlani, Chanchal B. (2019-08-12), "Chapter 5: Mughal Architecture Between Manuscript and Print Culture", From Stone to Paper: Architecture as History in the Late Mughal Empire, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-25096-1, retrieved 2021-04-21

[3] Vakkalanka, Harshini (2013-02-06). "Art and an empire". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2014-02-20.

[:2-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Losty, Jeremiah. "Two Important Late Mughal Group Portraits". Booklet published by Oliver Forge and Brendan Lynch, London, 2014.

[5] Paliwal, Amita (2014). "ZAFAR MAHAL: EXPLORING THE HISTORY OF LATE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75: 1081–1089. ISSN 2249-1937.

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