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Alcohol flush reaction is a condition in which a person develops flushes or blotches associated with on the face, neck, shoulders, and in some cases, the entire body after consuming alcoholic beverages. The reaction is the result of consumption of ethanol, a metabolic byproduct of the catabolic metabolism of alcohol, and is caused by an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency. This syndrome has been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism, possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol. However, it has also been associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer in those who do drink. The condition may be also highly prevalent in some Southeast Asian and Inuit populations.Facial Flushing in an East Asian male before and after the consumption of alcohol. [1]ndividuals who experience the alcohol flushing reaction may be less prone to alcoholism. The resulting irritating flushing reaction tends to discourage affected individuals from drinking.[edit]
Alcohol Flush Syndrome may cause symptoms including facial flushing, nausea, vomiting, angina, headaches and a tachycardia. Some cases may induce to symptoms of alcohol-induced respiratory reactions, which involve rhinitis, angina, wheezing, and worsening of asthma. These symptoms are proven to be temporary as the body metabolizes alcohol. Individuals may also experience anxiety Treatment to subside symptoms include taking antihistamines, hydrating by mouth or intravenous, rest and time. Studies have shown that resting and breathing exercises will alleviate symptoms holistically. Psychological perspective & symbolization of those who suffer with Alcohol Flush Syndrome, specifically those who are derived from Asia, include embarrassment and misconceptions of the "asian glow" in America. In Singapore, alcohol flush syndrome is associated as cultural appropriation instead of a disorder or medical deficiency. Singapore symbolize the alcohol flush symptoms as initiation into "manhood" or adulthood. [edit]
Alcohol flush reaction is best known as a condition that is experienced by people of East Asian descent; due to this, the condition is often given names such as "Asian flush" or "Asian glow". ALDH2 is a derived genetic sequence for Alcohol Flush Syndrome, that may be presented in those who are have an Asian background as well as other ethnicities. Around 30–50% of East Asians carry the rs671 (ALDH2*2) allele on chromosome 12, which results in a less functional acetaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, responsible for the breakdown of acetaldehyde, and accounts for most incidents of alcohol flush reaction worldwide. The rs671 allele is native to East Asia and most common in southeastern China. Analysis correlates the rise and spread of rice cultivation in South China with the spread of the allele. The reasons for this positive selection are not known, but it has been hypothesized that elevated concentrations of acetaldehyde may have conferred protection against certain parasitic infections, such as Entamoeba histolytica. Additionally, in around 80% of East Asians, the rapid accumulation of acetaldehyde is worsened by another gene variant; in this case the allele ADH1B*2, which results in the alcohol dehydrogenaseenzyme converting alcohol to toxic acetaldehyde more quickly than other gene variants common outside of East Asia.[edit]
Those with facial flushing due to ALDH2 deficiency may be homozygotes, with two alleles of low activity, or heterozygotes, with one low-activity and one normal allele. Homozygotes for the trait find consumption of large amounts of alcohol to be so unpleasant that they are generally protected from esophageal cancer, but heterozygotes are able to continue drinking. However, an ALDH2-deficient drinker has four to eight times the risk of developing esophageal cancer as a drinker not deficient in the enzyme. Because most East Asians have a variant in the ADH gene, this risk is lowered somewhat because the ADH variant reduces the risk of esophageal cancer four-fold. However, ALDH2-deficient people who do not carry this ADH variant are at the highest risk of cancer as these risk factors act in a multiplicative manner through increasing exposure time to salivary acetaldehyde. The idea that acetaldehyde is the cause of the flush is also shown by the clinical use of disulfiram (Antabuse), which blocks the removal of acetaldehyde from the body via ALDH inhibition. The high acetaldehyde concentrations described share similarity to symptoms of the flush (flushing of the skin, accelerated heart rate, shortness of breath, throbbing headache, mental confusion and blurred vision).[edit]
For measuring the level of flush reaction to alcohol, the most accurate method is to determine the level of acetaldehyde in the blood stream. This can be measured through a breathalyzer test or blood test. Additionally, measuring the amount of alcohol metabolizing enzymes alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenase through genetic testing can predict the amount of reaction that one would have. [edit]
Rosacea, also known as gin blossoms, is a chronic facial skin condition in which capillaries are excessively reactive, leading to redness from flushing or telangiectasia. Rosacea has been mistakenly attributed to alcoholism because of its similar appearance to the temporary flushing of the face that often accompanies the ingestion of alcohol.
Degreaser's flush – a flushing condition arising from consuming alcohol shortly before or during inhalation of trichloroethylene (TCE), an organic solvent with suspected carcinogenic properties.
Carcinoid syndrome – episodes of severe flushing precipitated by alcohol, stress and certain foods. May also be associated with intense diarrhea, wheezing and weight loss. ===
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