Subtara
Subtara (Arabic: سبتارة) is an archaeological site in the Lod Valley, near the modern Israeli settlement of Yagel in Israel's Central District.
History[edit]
The site has been inhabited since ancient times, and its name is of non-Semitic extraction.[1]
Archaeological excavations discovered the remains of a Mamluk settlement dating to the 13th and 14th centuries.[2][3]
Subtara was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine. In 1552, Subtara was an inhabited village. Haseki Hürrem Sultan, the favorite wife of Suleiman the Magnificent, endowed its tax revenues to her Haseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem. Administratively, the village belonged to the Sub-district of Ramla in the District of Gaza.[4]
In 1596 it appeared as a large village in the tax registers under the name of SVbtara, as being in the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Ramla, which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Gaza. It had a population of 123 households who were all Muslims.[5] They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, sesame, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 19,100 akçe. All of the revenue went to a Waqf.[6] Archaeological excavations found settlement remains from this period, including walls, floors, cooking ovens and a rich ceramic repertoire.[2][3]
In 1051 AH/1641/2, the Bedouin tribe of al-Sawālima from around Jaffa attacked the villages of Subtara, Bayt Dajan, al-Sāfiriya, Jindas, Lydda and Yazur belonging to Waqf Haseki Sultan. Under nomadic pressures, Subṭāra was abandoned and its residents moved to Kafr 'Ana, than a minor and insignificant hamlet.[7]
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the area around Subtara now belonged to the Nahiyeh (sub-district) of Lod that encompassed the area of the present-day city of Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut in the south to the present-day city of El'ad in the north, and from the foothills in the east, through the Lod Valley to the outskirts of Jaffa in the west. This area was home to thousands of inhabitants in about 20 villages, who had at their disposal tens of thousands of hectares of prime agricultural land. The lands of Subtara were subsumed by the village of al-Safiriyya.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ Marom, Roy; Zadok, Ran (2023). "Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan's Endowment Deed (1552)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 139 (2).
- ^ a b Lazar, Dorit (1999). "A Mamluk and Ottoman Settlement at Giv'at Dani in the Ayalon Valley". 'Atiqot / עתיקות. 38: 231–232. ISSN 0792-8424.
- ^ a b לזר, דורית (1999). "גבעת דני: יישוב מן התקופות הממלוכית והעות'מאנית בעמק איילון". 'Atiqot / עתיקות. 38: 127*–136*. ISSN 0792-8424.
- ^ Marom, Roy (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis. 1: 8.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 155
- ^ Marom, Roy (2022). "Lydda Sub-District: Lydda and its Countryside During the Ottoman Period". Diospolis: 117.
- ^ Marom, Roy (2022-11-01). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis: 13-14.
- ^ Marom, Roy (2022). "Lydda Sub-District: Lydda and its countryside during the Ottoman period". Diospolis - City of God: Journal of the History, Archaeology and Heritage of Lod. 8: 103–136.