METRNL
Meteorin-like/Meteorin-Beta (Metrnl)/IL-41, also known as subfatin and cometin, is a small (~27kDa) secreted cytokine, protein encoded by a gene called meteorin-like (METRNL). METRNL is highly expressed in mucosal tissues, skin and activated macrophages.[1][2][3] Metrnl has also been described to be a hormone[4]
A screen of human skin-associated diseases showed significant over-expression of METRNL in psoriasis, prurigo nodularis, actinic keratosis and atopic dermatitis. METRNL is also up-regulated in synovial membranes of human rheumatoid arthritis.[2]
Adipocyte Metrnl antagonizes obesity-induced insulin resistance by improving adipose function, including adipocyte differentiation, metabolism activation, and inflammation inhibition[5] Lower serum levels of Metrnl might be a risk factor for developing coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus[6][7]
Function[edit]
Metrnl participates in the control of inflammatory responses[3] and is a critical regulator of muscle regeneration.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ Li, Z., Gao, Z., Sun, T., Zhang, S., Yang, S., Zheng, M., & Shen, H. (2023). Meteorin-like/Metrnl, a novel secreted protein implicated in inflammation, immunology, and metabolism: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1098570. PMID 36911663 PMC 9998503 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1098570
- ^ a b Ushach I, Burkhardt AM, Martinez C, et al. (2015). "METEORIN-LIKE is a cytokine associated with barrier tissues and alternatively activated macrophages". Clinical Immunology. 156 (2): 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2014.11.006. PMC 4336607. PMID 25486603.
- ^ a b Ushach I, Arrevillaga-Boni G, Heller GN, et al. (2018). "Meteorin-like/Meteorin-β Is a Novel Immunoregulatory Cytokine Associated with Inflammation". J. Immunol. 201 (12): 3669–3676. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800435. PMC 6394858. PMID 30464051.
- ^ Rao RR, Long JZ, White JP, et al. (2015). "Meteorin-like is a hormone that regulates immune-adipose interactions to increase beige fat thermogenesis". Cell. 157 (6): 1279–1291. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.065. PMC 4131287. PMID 24906147.
- ^ Li, Z. Y., Song, J., Zheng, S. L., Fan, M. B., Guan, Y. F., Qu, Y., ... & Miao, C. Y. (2015). Adipocyte Metrnl antagonizes insulin resistance through PPARγ signaling. Diabetes, 64(12), 4011-4022. PMID 26307585 doi:10.2337/db15-0274
- ^ Dadmanesh M, Aghajani H, Fadaei R, Ghorban K (2018) Lower serum levels of Meteorin-like/Subfatin in patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are negatively associated with insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0204180. PMID 30212581 PMC 6136801 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204180
- ^ Liu, Z. X., Ji, H. H., Yao, M. P., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Zhou, P., ... & Gao, W. (2019). Serum Metrnl is associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 23(1), 271-280. doi:10.1111/jcmm.13915 PMC 6307872 PMID 30394666
- ^ Baht GS, Bareja A, Lee DE, et al. (2020). "Meteorin-like facilitates skeletal muscle repair through a Stat3/IGF-1 mechanism". Nat Metab. 2 (3): 278–289. doi:10.1038/s42255-020-0184-y. PMC 7504545. PMID 32694780.