Draft:Haplogroup O-M176

Haplogroup O-F940
Haplogroup O-F940
Possible time of origin	6,327 (95% CI 4,575 <-> 7,762) years before present; ; 6,000 years before present; ; 6,000 (95% CI 7,100 <-> 4,900) ybp
Coalescence age	2,650 years before present
Possible place of origin	East Asia (origin); China (MRCA)
Ancestor	O-F2868
Defining mutations	CTS12145, F1912, F2206, F2703, F940, K3
Highest frequencies	Chinese 0.12% Hunan ≈0.65%; Chongqing ≈0.34%; Guangxi ≈0.30%; Jiangxi ≈0.25%;

Haplogroup O-47z
Haplogroup O-47z
Possible time of origin	7,870 [95% CI 5,720–12,630] years ago (Hammer et al. 2006); ; 7,613 (95% CI 5,309 <-> 9,130) ybp; ; 7,000 [95% CI 6,100 <-> 7,900] ybp
Coalescence age	5,780 ybp; ; 5,600 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 4,700) ybp
Possible place of origin	Japanese Archipelago (Hammer et al. 2006) or Korean Peninsula (Jin et al. 2003)
Ancestor	O-M176
Defining mutations	47z
Highest frequencies	Japanese, Ryukyuans, Koreans Japanese 22.4% Range: 17.8% Osaka to 26.5% Fukuoka; ; Okinawans 17% Range: 11% Haebaru to 24% Miyako; ; South Koreans 8.9% Range: 7.3% Seoul-Gyeonggi to 11.9% Gyeongsang; ; Chinese 0.19%;

Haplogroup O-M176
Haplogroup O-M176
Possible time of origin	31,108 (95% CI 22,844 <-> 34,893) years before present; ; 29,190 years before present; ; 28,200 [95% CI 26,000 <-> 30,400] years before present
Coalescence age	25,660 years before present; ; 25,800 [95% CI 23,400 <-> 28,400] years before present (YFull)
Possible place of origin	the Korean Peninsula or a nearby part of northeastern Asia
Ancestor	O-P31
Defining mutations	M176/SRY465, P49, 022454[citation needed]
Highest frequencies	Japanese, Koreans, Ryukyuans, Manchus Japanese 31.84% (28.2% Osaka - 35.3% Fukuoka) ; South Korean 31.4% (28.2% Seoul-Gyeonggi - 39.7% Gangwon); Okinawans 24% 19.4% Haebaru - 28.9% Miyako; ; North Korean 24% 24% (Jeong 2018); ; Manchus 0% (0/37 Xinbin), 3.10% (91/2938), 3.3% (1/30), 3.8% (2/52 Liaoning), 5.7% (2/35 Xiuyan), 33.7% (34/101); Nanai ≤2.7% (1/37 members of the Samar clan in Khabarovsk Territory O1b-P31, which potentially might but does not necessarily belong to haplogroup O1b2-M176), 4.4% (2/45 Tongjiang); Udeges 9.5% (2/21), ≤12.9% (4/31) "O2" (i.e. O1b-P31, which potentially might but does not necessarily belong to haplogroup O1b2-M176); Mongols 0% (0/65) Batsümber, 0% (0/45) Oroqen Autonomous Banner, 0.6% (1/160) Mongolia, 1.51% (23/1521) China; Chinese 0.69%;

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Haplogroup O-M176 (aka O-SRY465) or O1b2 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is best known for its part in the settlement of Korea and Japan. It is a descendant of Haplogroup O-P31, and it has been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, Haplogroup O-K18, approximately 31,108 (95% CI 22,844 <-> 34,893) years before present,^[1] approximately 29,190 years before present,^[2] or approximately 28,200 (95% CI 26,000 <-> 30,400) years before present.^[3]

Distribution[edit]

Haplogroup O-M176 is found mainly in the northernmost parts of East Asia, from the Uriankhai and Zakhchin peoples of western Mongolia (Katoh et al. 2005) to the Japanese of Japan, though it also has been detected sporadically in the Buryats (Jin et al. 2003). It has been detected with moderate frequencies in Udegeys (Jin, Kim & Kim 2010) of southern Siberia, rarely among populations of Southeast Asia including Indonesia (Hammer et al. 2006 and Jin et al. 2003), the Philippines (Jin et al. 2003), Thailand (Jin et al. 2003), and Vietnam (Hammer et al. 2006 and Jin et al. 2003), and Micronesians (Hammer et al. 2006). This haplogroup is found with its highest frequency and diversity values among modern populations of Japan and Korea and is rare in most populations in China. Among Han Chinese, it has been detected in some samples of Han Chinese from Beijing (1/51, Jin et al. 2003 and Kim et al. 2011),^[5] Xi'an (1/34, Kim et al. 2011),^[5] one Han Chinese in Henan,^[19] Han Chinese in Taiwan (2/352 = 0.57%, including one of 34 Hakka people and one of 258 miscellaneous Han volunteers),^[20] Han Chinese from East China sampled from the infertility clinic at the Affiliated Hospitals of Nanjing Medical University at Jiangsu (6/1147 = 0.52%, Lu et al. 2009), Wuhan (1/160),^[21] and South China outside of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai (1/65).^[22] Among ethnic minorities in China, haplogroup O-M176 has been detected with high frequency in samples of Koreans in China (Xue et al. 2006 and Katoh et al. 2005) and with low frequency among Manchus^[23] (Xue et al. 2006, Katoh et al. 2005, and Karafet et al. 2001), Hezhe people,^[12] Daurs,^[12] Evenks,^[11] Sibes (Xue et al. 2006), Kham Tibetans,^[24] and Hui.^[25] In a study of various populations of Hunan, O1b2-M176 was found in 0.55% (5/903) of all samples; specifically, this haplogroup was observed in 3.0% (1/33) of a sample of Iu Mien from Hunan, 1.9% (2/103) of a sample of Gàn Chinese from Hunan, 1.4% (1/71) of a sample of Kam from Hunan, and 1.1% (1/95) of a sample of Xong Miao from Hunan.^[26] In a study published in July 2020, Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O1b2-M176 was observed in 1.31% (4/305) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo, Shandong and in 1.06% (6/565) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zhaotong, Yunnan.^[27]

Mitsuru Sakitani suggests that haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today Koreans, Japanese and Manchu, are one of the carriers of Liao civilization or Yangtze civilization. As the Liao civilization and the Yangtze civilization declined several tribes crossed westward and northerly, to the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. However, Mitsuru Sakitani said that Currently, very little o1b2 are detected in the Yangtze River region, there are many problems in the theory that originate from the Yangtze River area.^[28]^[29]^[30] Another study calls the haplogroup O1b1 as the major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and the haplogroup O1b2 (of Koreans and Japanese) as the "para-Austroasiatic" paternal lineage.^[31]

Subclade distribution[edit]

Paragroup O-M176*[edit]

Y-DNA that belongs to O-M176(xK10, F3356) has been found in an individual from Hiroshima,^[4] an individual from Fukushima,^[4] an individual from Beijing,^[4] and 1% (7/706) of a sample of males collected in Seoul and Daejeon.^[32]

O-M176(x47z) has been found in approximately 9.2% of Japanese males (ranging from 3.5% in the JPT sample from Tokyo^[33] to 13.1% in a sample from Shizuoka^[34]) and in approximately 8.3% of Ryukyuan males (ranging from 5.3% in a sample from Miyako^[8] to 11.1% in a sample from Okinawa^[34]).^[6]

O-K10[edit]

The majority of extant members of O-M176 belong to the subclade O-K10 (aka O-F3356 aka O-F1204). O-K10 (TMRCA 8,070 ybp according to TheYtree,^[35] 7,900 [95% CI 5,624 <-> 9,449] ybp according to Karmin et al. 2022,^[1] 7,457 (99% CI 9,434 - 5,789) years before present according to FamilyTreeDNA,^[36] 7,000 [95% CI 8,000 <-> 6,000] ybp according to YFull,^[4] or 6,970 years according to 23mofang^[2]) subsumes the prolific subclades O-47z, which occurs with especially high frequency in Japan, and O-L682, which occurs with especially high frequency in Korea, in addition to the relatively rare subclades O-CTS10687, which has been found in Japan, Korea, and China, and O-K3, which has been found among Han Chinese mostly in South Central China. O-L682 and O-K3 are linked by 18 SNPs that define the O-K4 clade, and thus their members are more closely related to one another by paternal lineage than any of them is related to any member of O-47z or O-CTS10687.

O-F3356(x47z, L682) has been found in 2% (14/706) of a sample of Koreans collected in Seoul and Daejeon, South Korea.^[32] However, the status of these individuals' Y-DNA in regard to K4, K3, CTS10687, and phylogenetically equivalent SNPs has not been published.

O-CTS10687 has been found in 1.8% (1/56) of the JPT sample of Japanese from Tokyo, Japan.^[37]^[4]

O-47z[edit]

O-47z or O-CTS11986 is a subclade of O-K10. It is found with high frequency among the Japanese and Ryukyuan populations of Japan, and with lower frequency among Koreans.

Haplogroup O-47z has been detected in approximately 22% of males who speak a Japonic language, while it has not been found at all among Ainu males whose Y-DNA has been tested in two genetic studies (Tajima et al. 2004, n=16; Hammer et al. 2006, n=4). Based on the STR haplotype diversity within Haplogroup O-47z, it has been estimated in a study published in 2006 that this haplogroup has expanded from a single founder who has lived approximately 3,810 (95% CI 1,640 <–> 7,960) years before present in a model according to which continuous, pure exponential population growth is assumed.^[11] In a paper published in 2016, the time to most recent common ancestor of a set of fifteen members of the O-47z clade, all from the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, was estimated to be 4,500 years using a relatively slow mutation rate (μ = 0.76 x 10⁻⁹ per bp per year as according to Qiaomei Fu et al. 2014) or 3,900 years using a relatively fast mutation rate (μ = 0.888 x 10⁻⁹ per bp per year as according to A. Helgason et al. 2015).^[33] Haplogroup O-47z also has been found among samples of modern Koreans, though with low frequency in comparison to both the frequency of O-47z in samples of Japanese and the frequency of O-M176(x47z) in samples of Koreans.^[5]

Soon-Hee Kim et al. (2011) found haplogroup O-47z (DXYS5Y-Y2) in 8.89% (45/506) of a pool of samples from South Korea. O-47z was found in greatest proportion in the study's sample from the Gyeongsang region (10/84 = 11.9%), which is located in the southeast corner of the Korean Peninsula, and in least proportion in the study's sample from the Seoul-Gyeonggi region (8/110 = 7.3%), which is located on the west coast of the middle of the Korean Peninsula.^[38] Haplogroup O-47z also has been observed in a sample of Koreans in China (2/25 = 8.0%).^[39]

O-K4[edit]

O-K4 is a subclade of O-K10. It includes at least two subclades, O-L682 and O-K3, which have been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor approximately 6,327 (95% CI 4,575 <-> 7,762) years before present.^[1]

O-K3[edit]

The O-K3 (or O-F940) lineage is a subclade of O-K4 that has been observed to date in three individuals from Hunan,^[4] one individual from Jiangxi,^[4] and one individual from Henan.^[19] The TMRCA of the three individuals from Hunan plus the one individual from Jiangxi has been estimated to be 1,300 (95% CI 800 <-> 2,100) ybp.^[4]

O-L682[edit]

Haplogroup O-L682
Possible time of origin	6,327 [95% CI 4,575 <-> 7,762] ybp^[1] 5,990 ybp^[2]
Coalescence age	4,080 ybp^[2] 4,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 3,500) ybp^[4]
Possible place of origin	Korean Peninsula or Manchuria
Ancestor	O-M176, O-F3356
Defining mutations	L682
Highest frequencies	Koreans, Japanese, Ryukyuans, Hezhen, Manchus South Koreans 18.98%^[32] Range: ≤17.9% Gyeongsang^[7] to ≤31.7% Gangwon^[7] Japanese ≤9.14%^{[Footnote 7]} Range: 1.8% Tokyo (JPT)^[37] to ≤13.1% Shizuoka^[34] Okinawans ≤6.7%^{[Footnote 8]} Range: ≤3.4%^[40] to ≤11.1%^[34] Hezhen ≤4.5%^[12]^[41]^[14] Manchus 0% Xinbin^[9] to ≤33.7%^[13] Chinese approx. 0.31%^[2]

The O-L682 subclade of O-K4 is believed to be related to Native Korean population. One study has found O-L682 Y-DNA in 19% (134/706) of Koreans sampled in Seoul and Daejeon.^[32] O-L682 also has been found in Japanese in Tokyo, Okayama, Kōchi, and the US and in Chinese (especially in Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Liaoning, with a greater than average presence also in Beijing, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Tianjin, and Anhui,^[2] and with some presence in other areas, such as Shanxi,^[4] and among some ethnic minorities, such as Nanai people^[4]). Its descendants appear to have begun rapidly increasing in number at approximately the same time as those of its distant cousin O-47z, perhaps 4,000 years ago.^[4]

Phylogenetics[edit]

Phylogenetic history[edit]

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
O-M175	26	VII	1U	28	Eu16	H9	I	O*	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	O
O-M119	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1*	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a	O1a
O-M101	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H9	H	O1a	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1	O1a1	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a	O1a1a
O-M50	26	VII	1U	32	Eu16	H10	H	O1b	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2	O1a2
O-P31	26	VII	1U	33	Eu16	H5	I	O2*	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2	O2
O-M95	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H11	G	O2a*	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a	O2a1	O2a1
O-M88	26	VII	1U	34	Eu16	H12	G	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1	O2a1a	O2a1a
O-SRY465	20	VII	1U	35	Eu16	H5	I	O2b*	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b	O2b
O-47z	5	VII	1U	26	Eu16	H5	I	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1a	O2b1a	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1	O2b1
O-M122	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3*	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3	O3
O-M121	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3a	O3a	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1	O3a1a	O3a1a
O-M164	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H6	L	O3b	O3b	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a2	O3a1b	O3a1b
O-M159	13	VII	1U	31	Eu16	H6	L	O3c	O3c	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3	O3a3	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a	O3a3a
O-M7	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d*	O3c	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a4	O3a4	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a3b	O3a2b	O3a2b
O-M113	26	VII	1U	29	Eu16	H7	L	O3d1	O3c1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	-	O3a4a	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a3b1	O3a2b1	O3a2b1
O-M134	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e*	O3d	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a5	O3a5	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a3c	O3a2c1	O3a2c1
O-M117	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1*	O3d1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a5a	O3a5a	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a3c1	O3a2c1a	O3a2c1a
O-M162	26	VII	1U	30	Eu16	H8	L	O3e1a	O3d1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a5a1	O3a5a1	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a3c1a	O3a2c1a1	O3a2c1a1

Original research publications[edit]

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling & Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kalaydjieva et al. 2001
β Underhill et al. 2000
γ Hammer et al. 2001
δ Karafet et al. 2001
ε Semino et al. 2000
ζ Su et al. 1999
η Capelli et al. 2001

Phylogenetic trees[edit]

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet et al. 2008) and subsequent published research.

O1b2 (IMS-JST022454, L272.2, M176/Page63/SRY465, M302, P49, F1942/Page92)
- O1b2a (F1942/Page92)
  - O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
    - O1b2a1a (F3356)
      - O1b2a1a1 (47z, CTS713, CTS11986)
      - O1b2a1a2 (F2868, F3110, K4)
        O1b2a1a2a (L682)
        
        O1b2a1a2b (F940, F1912, F3390)
      - O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687, F1813, F1800)
    - O1b2a1b (CTS562)
  - O1b2a2 (Page90)

Table of frequencies of O-M176[edit]

Population	Frequency	Sample Size	SNPs	Source
Korean (Gangwon)	0.397	63	M176(x47z)=20 47z=5	Kim et al. 2011
Korean (National Biobank of Korea)	0.377	300	M176(x47z)=88 47z=25	Park 2013
Korean (South Korea)	0.373	75	M176/P49(x47z)=25 47z=3	Hammer et al. 2006
Japanese (Fukuoka)	0.353	102	47z=27 M176(x47z)=9	Sato 2014
Japanese (Shizuoka)	0.344	61	47z=13 M176/P49(x47z)=8	Hammer et al. 2006
Japanese (Kawasaki)	0.343	321	47z=78 M176(x47z)=32	Sato 2014
Japanese (Nagasaki)	0.340	300	47z=70 M176(x47z)=32	Sato 2014
Korean (Daejeon)	0.338	133	M176(x47z)=30 47z=15	Park 2012
Japanese (Tokushima)	0.335	388	47z=90 M176(x47z)=40	Sato 2014
Japanese	0.335	263	47z=66 M176/JST022454(x47z)=22	Nonaka, Minaguchi & Takezaki 2007
Japanese (male students in Kanazawa)	0.326	298	47z=63 M176(x47z)=34	Sato 2014
Korean (Jeju)	0.322	87	M176(x47z)=20 47z=8	Kim et al. 2011
Japanese	0.322	432	M176=139	Harayama 2014
Japanese (Tokyo)	0.321	56	47z=15 CTS10687=1 L682(xCTS723)=1 CTS723=1	Poznik 2016
Japanese (Kyushu)	0.321	53	47z=15 M176/P49(x47z)=2	Hammer et al. 2006
Japanese (male students in Sapporo)	0.318	302	47z=70 M176(x47z)=26	Sato 2014
Korean (Seoul)	0.316	573	M176(x47z)=125 47z=56	Park 2012
Korean (Jeolla)	0.311	90	M176(x47z)=21 47z=7	Kim et al. 2011
Japanese (Aomori)	0.308	26	47z=7 M176/P49(x47z)=1	Hammer et al. 2006
Korean (Chungcheong)	0.306	72	M176(x47z)=15 47z=7	Kim et al. 2011
Japanese (Hachinohe Kita High School & Sanbongi High School)	0.304	79	47z=18 M176(x47z)=6	Totsuka 2016
Japanese (Tokushima)	0.300	70	47z=17 M176/P49(x47z)=4	Hammer et al. 2006
Korean (Gyeongsang)	0.298	84	M176(x47z)=15 47z=10	Kim et al. 2011
Japanese	0.293	157	47z=38 M176(x47z)=8	Kim et al. 2011
Okinawa (Miyako High School)	0.289	38	47z=9 M176(x47z)=2	Totsuka 2016
Japanese (Osaka)	0.282	241	47z=43 M176(x47z)=25	Sato 2014
Korean (Seoul/Gyeonggi)	0.282	110	M176(x47z)=23 47z=8	Kim et al. 2011
Japanese (adult males in Kanazawa)	0.280	232	47z=43 M176(x47z)=22	Sato 2014
Korean (PRC)	0.280	25	M176(x47z)=5 47z=2	Xue et al. 2006
Korean (Korea)	0.279	43	M176(x47z)=6 47z=6	Xue et al. 2006
Japanese (adult males in Sapporo)	0.277	206	47z=41 M176(x47z)=16	Sato 2014
Japanese (Kagawa)	0.277	47	47z=11 M176(x47z)=2	Xue et al. 2006
Japanese (Saga)	0.271	129	47z=24 M176(x47z)=11	Totsuka 2016
Manchurians	0.271	48	47z=9 M176(x47z)=4	Jin, Kim & Kim 2010
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon)	0.269	216	M176(x47z)=37 47z=21	Kim et al. 2007
Okinawa (Yaeyama High School & Yaeyama Commercial and Technical High School)	0.265	49	47z=9 M176(x47z)=4	Totsuka 2016
Japanese	0.262	107	47z=21 M176(x47z)=7	Jin, Kim & Kim 2010
Okinawa	0.222	45	47z=5 M176/P49(x47z)=5	Hammer et al. 2006
Korean	0.201	154	M176(x47z)=22 47z=9	Jin, Kim & Kim 2010
Okinawa (Kaihō High School)	0.194	36	47z=4 M176(x47z)=3	Totsuka 2016
Udeges	0.095	21	M176(x47z)=2	Jin, Kim & Kim 2010
Han (Beijing)	0.020	51	M176(x47z)=1	Kim et al. 2011
Manchu	0.057	35	M176(x47z)=2	Xue et al. 2006
Uriankhai (Mongolia)	0.050	60	M176=3	Katoh et al. 2005
Mongol (NE Mongolia)	0.050	20	M176=1	Di Cristofaro et al. 2013 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDi_CristofaroPennarunMazièresMyres2013 (help)
Hezhe (PRC)	0.044	45	M176(x47z)=2	Xue et al. 2006
Manchu	0.038	52	M176/P49(x47z)=2	Hammer et al. 2006
Zakhchin (Mongolia)	0.033	60	M176=2	Katoh et al. 2005
Manchurian	0.033	30	M176(x47z)=1	Kim et al. 2011
Hakka (Taiwan)	0.029	34	M176=1	Trejaut et al. 2014
Buryat	0.028	36	M176(x47z)=1	Kim et al. 2011
Nanai (Samar from Khabarovsk)	≤0.027	37	O-P31=1	Bogunov et al. 2015
Daur	0.026	39	M176(x47z)=1	Xue et al. 2006
Evenk (PRC)	0.024	41	M176/P49(x47z)=1	Hammer et al. 2006
Xibe	0.024	41	M176(x47z)=1	Xue et al. 2006
Buryat	0.020	50	M176(x47z)=1	Jin, Kim & Kim 2010
Mongols (Mongolia)	0.006	160	M176=1	Di Cristofaro et al. 2013 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDi_CristofaroPennarunMazièresMyres2013 (help)
Han (Taiwan)	0.004	258	M176=1	Trejaut et al. 2014
Zhuang	0.000	20	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Oroqen	0.000	22	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Hanoi, Vietnam	0.000	24	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Kalimantan	0.000	25	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Evenk (PRC)	0.000	26	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Sumatra	0.000	26	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Akha (Thailand)	0.000	27	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Alor	0.000	28	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
Han (Lanzhou)	0.000	30	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Even	0.000	31	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Oroqen	0.000	31	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Uyghur (Ürümqi)	0.000	31	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Han (Yili)	0.000	32	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Malay	0.000	32	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Australian aborigines	0.000	33	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Qiang	0.000	33	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Han (Chengdu)	0.000	34	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Hani (PRC)	0.000	34	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Li	0.000	34	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
She	0.000	34	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Buyi	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Han (Harbin)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Han (Meixian)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Hui (PRC)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Tibetan	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Yao (Bama)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Yao (Liannan)	0.000	35	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Batak Toba (Sumatra)	0.000	38	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
Uyghur (Yili)	0.000	39	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
East Indonesia	0.000	40	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Han (Guangdong)	0.000	40	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Yi (Butuo, Sichuan)	0.000	43	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Northern Han	0.000	44	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Khalkh	0.000	45	M176=0	Kim et al. 2011
Mongol (Inner Mongolia)	0.000	45	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Papua New Guinea	0.000	46	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Khalkh	0.000	48	M176=0	Jin, Kim & Kim 2010
Philippines	0.000	48	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Taiwanese aborigines	0.000	48	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Tujia	0.000	49	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
She	0.000	51	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Melanesia	0.000	53	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Mandar (Sulawesi)	0.000	54	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
Han (Fujian)	0.000	55	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Indonesia (East)	0.000	55	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Miao	0.000	58	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Han (Yunnan)	0.000	60	M176=0	Kim et al. 2011
Minnan (Taiwan)	0.000	60	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Nias	0.000	60	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
Polynesia	0.000	60	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Yao	0.000	60	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Java	0.000	61	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
Filipino	0.000	64	M176=0	Kim et al. 2011
Mongol (Outer Mongolia)	0.000	65	M176=0	Xue et al. 2006
Uyghur	0.000	67	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Mentawai	0.000	74	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
Thailand	0.000	75	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Buryat	0.000	81	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Han (Taiwan)	0.000	84	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Borneo	0.000	86	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
Sri Lanka	0.000	91	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Lembata	0.000	92	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
Evenk (Russia)	0.000	95	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Altai	0.000	98	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Tibet	0.000	105	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Java	0.000	141	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Philippines	0.000	146	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Mongolia	0.000	149	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Sumba	0.000	350	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
Taiwan mountain tribes	0.000	355	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Taiwan plains tribes	0.000	370	M176=0	Trejaut et al. 2014
Flores	0.000	394	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010
India	0.000	405	M176/P49=0	Hammer et al. 2006
Bali	0.000	641	M176=0	Karafet et al. 2010

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

^ 256/800=32.0% O-M176 in a pool of all Japanese samples of (Xue et al. 2006), (Katoh et al. 2005), (Jin, Kim & Kim 2010), (Nonaka, Minaguchi & Takezaki 2007), (Poznik et al. 2016), and all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of (Hammer et al. 2006).
^ 202/677=29.8% O-M176 in a pool of all ethnic South Korean samples of (Hammer et al. 2006), (Xue et al. 2006), (Katoh et al. 2005), (Kim et al. 2007), and (Park 2013)
^ 61/255=23.92% O-M176 in a pool of all Ryukyuan data from (Hammer et al. 2006), (Nonaka, Minaguchi & Takezaki 2007), and Totsuka et al. 2016
^ 30/123=24.3% O-M176 in a pool of all ethnic North Korea samples of (Jeong 2018)
^ 733/3271 = 22.41% O-47z in a pool of all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of (Hammer et al. 2006), (Xue et al. 2006), (Nonaka, Minaguchi & Takezaki 2007), Kim et al. 2011, Sato et al. 2014, and Totsuka et al. 2016
^ 44/255 = 17.3% O-47z in a pool of all Okinawan samples of (Hammer et al. 2006), (Nonaka, Minaguchi & Takezaki 2007), and Totsuka et al. 2016
^ 299/3271 = 9.14% O-P49(x47z) in a pool of all non-Ainu and non-Okinawan Japanese samples of (Hammer et al. 2006), (Xue et al. 2006), (Nonaka, Minaguchi & Takezaki 2007), Kim et al. 2011, Sato et al. 2014, and Totsuka et al. 2016
^ 17/255 = 6.7% O-P49(x47z) in a pool of all Okinawan samples of (Hammer et al. 2006), (Nonaka, Minaguchi & Takezaki 2007), and Totsuka et al. 2016

Citations[edit]

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