^ abcdefghijklmnopqConsonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v,vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFHalle1959 (help).
^ abcdefghiThe voiced obstruents /b,bʲ,d,dʲ,ɡ,v,vʲ,z,zʲ,ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFHalle1959 (help).
^ abc⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Го́сподиⓘ and Богⓘ, and in the interjections ага́ⓘ, ого́ⓘ, го́сподиⓘ, ей-бо́гуⓘ, and also in бухга́лтер[bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFTimberlake2004 (help). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
^ abIntervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дняⓘ, сего́дняшнийⓘ, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFTimberlake2004 (help).
^The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je,jo,ju,ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
^Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
^Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
^⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
^ abcde[ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [dz], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: плацда́рмⓘ, начди́в, дочь быⓘ, вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.
^ abThe affricates[ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
^Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFYanushevskayaBunčić2015 (help)).
^ abcdeVowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
^Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
^Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51) harvcol error: no target: CITEREFTimberlake2004 (help).
^Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.[citation needed]
^ abIn the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
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