User:A Cynical Idealist/sandbox4

Paravians; Temporal range: ; Middle Jurassic–Present, 165–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Examples of basal paravian dinosaurs
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	Pennaraptora
Clade:	Paraves; Sereno, 1997
Subgroups
	†Balaur; †Fukuivenator?; †Imperobator; †Overoraptor; †Palaeopteryx; †Pamparaptor; †Pneumatoraptor; †Rahonavis; †Richardoestesia?; †Halszkaraptorinae?; †Scansoriopterygidae?; †Unenlagiinae?; †Deinonychosauria(?) †Archaeopterygidae?; †Anchiornithidae? (possibly not monophyletic); †Dromaeosauridae; †Troodontidae; ; Avialae;
Synonyms
	Eumaniraptora Padian et al. 1999[full citation needed]; Deinonychosauria?;

Tyrannosaurids; Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, ; 82–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Montage of six tyrannosaurids, clockwise from top left: Tyrannosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Zhuchengtyrannus, and Alioramus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Superfamily:	†Tyrannosauroidea
Clade:	†Pantyrannosauria
Clade:	†Eutyrannosauria
Family:	†Tyrannosauridae; Osborn, 1906
Type species
	†Tyrannosaurus rex; Osborn, 1905
Subgroups
	†Raptorex?; †Albertosaurinae Currie et al., 2003 †Albertosaurus; †Gorgosaurus; ; †Tyrannosaurinae Osborn, 1906 †Bistahieversor?; †Nanuqsaurus; †Alioramini Olshevsky, 1995 †Alioramus; †Qianzhousaurus; ; †Daspletosaurini Voris et al., 2020 †Daspletosaurus; †Thanatotheristes; ; †Teratophoneini Scherer & Voiculescu-Holvad, 2023 †Dynamoterror; †Lythronax; †Teratophoneus; ; †Tyrannosaurini Scherer & Voiculescu-Holvad, 2023 †Tarbosaurus; †Tyrannosaurus; †Zhuchengtyrannus; ; ;
Synonyms
	Deinodontidae Cope, 1866; Aublysodontidae Nopcsa, 1928; Shanshanosauridae Dong, 1977;

Carnosaurs; Temporal range: ; Middle Jurassic – Late Cretaceous, 174–89 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Late Toarcian and Late Maastrichtian records.
	Four carnosaurs (top to bottom): Sinraptor, Acrocanthosaurus, Concavenator, Allosaurus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	Avetheropoda
Clade:	†Carnosauria; von Huene, 1920
Subgroups
Uncertain or possible members
	†Aorun; †Bahariasaurus; †Chilantaisaurus; †Compsognathus; †Deltadromeus; †Gualicho; †Juravenator; †Nedcolbertia; †Scipionyx; †Sciurumimus; †Siats; †Unquillosaurus; †Megaraptora;

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Theropods[edit]

Infobox collages[edit]

Ankylopollexia

Shantungosaurus, Iguanodon, Hadrosaurus, Telmatosaurus, Fukuisaurus, Bactrosaurus

Hadrosauridae

Saurolophus, Lambeosaurus, Gryposaurus, Pararhabdodon, Charonosaurus, Edmontosaurus

Titanosauria

Patagotitan, Nemegtosaurus, Diamantisaurus,

Euornithes

Hesperornis, Ichthyornis, Vegavis, Hongshanornis, bald eagle, kiwi

Crocodylomorphs

Boverisuchus, Sebecus, saltwater crocodile, Simosuchus, Brachychampsa, Metriorhynchus

Carnosauria[edit]

Tyrannosauridae[edit]

Paraves[edit]

History of study[edit]

Initial discovery[edit]

Dinosaur renaissance[edit]

Modern study[edit]

Anatomy[edit]

Body size[edit]

Feathers and wings[edit]

Feet and claws[edit]

Head and senses[edit]

Skeletal features[edit]

Classification[edit]

Evolution[edit]

Relationship to birds[edit]

Taxonomy[edit]

Phylogenetic position of paravian groups in different topologies

Topology 1

Topology 2

Paraves

Deinonychosauria

	Dromaeosauridae

	Troodontidae

Avialae

Anchiornithidae

	Archaeopteryx

	Euavialae

Paraves

Dromaeosauridae

	Troodontidae

	Avialae

Topology 3

Topology 4

Paraves

Deinonychosauria

Anchiornithidae (incl. Archaeopteryx)

	Halszkaraptorinae

	Unenlagiinae

	Dromaeosauridae

	Troodontidae

Avialae

	Scansoriopterygidae

	Euavialae

Paleoecology[edit]

Diet[edit]

Distribution[edit]

Predation[edit]

Avialae[edit]

Avialans

Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–Present, 150.8–0 Ma

Earliest 165 Ma if Anchiornithidae are members

Fossil specimen of Jeholornis prima

Collage of four extant birds. Clockwise from top-left: Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti), common ostrich (Struthio camelus), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis)

Scientific classification

Domain:

Kingdom:

Phylum:

Clade:

Clade:

Clade:

Clade:

Clade:

Clade:

Avialae
Gauthier, 1986

Subgroups

†Alcmonavis
†Cretaaviculus
†Dalianraptor
†Fukuipteryx
†Jixiangornis
†Yandangornis
†Zhongornis
Euavialae Gauthier, 1986
- †Jeholornithiformes
- Avebrevicauda Paul, 2002
  - †Omnivoropterygiformes
  - Pygostylia Chatterjee, 1997
    - †Confuciusornithiformes
    - †Jinguofortisidae
    - Ornithothoraces Chiappe & Calvo, 1994
      - †Enantiornithes
      - Euornithes

Avialans of uncertain affinity
†Antarcticavis †Austinornis †Gargantuavis †Tingmiatornis

Possible avialans
†Anchiornithidae †Scansoriopterygidae †Archaeopteryx †Balaur †Overoraptor †Rahonavis †Wellnhoferia

Euornithes[edit]

A Cynical Idealist/sandbox4 Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Present, 130.7–0 Ma^[3] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Fossil specimen of Hongshanornis longicresta

Goldcrest (Regulus regulus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	Avialae
Clade:	Ornithothoraces
Clade:	Euornithes Stejneger, 1884
Subgroups
†Archaeorhynchus †Chaoyangia †Jianchangornis †Zhongjianornis †Schizoouridae Ornithuromorpha †Eogranivora †Gansus †Jiuquanornis †Kaririavis †Khinganornis †Ambiortiformes †Patagopterygiformes †Yanornithiformes Ornithurae †Apatornis †Cerebavis †Changzuiornis †Iaceornis †Kookne †Limenavis †Qinornis †Cimolopterygidae †Hesperornithes †Ichthyornithes †Vegaviidae Neornithes / Aves

Sauropodomorphs[edit]

Sauropodomorpha[edit]

Sauropodomorphs Temporal range: 233.23–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Six sauropodomorphs (top to bottom): Plateosaurus, Brontosaurus, Massospondylus, Eoraptor, Thecodontosaurus, Cetiosaurus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Eusaurischia
Clade:	†Sauropodomorpha Huene, 1932
Subgroups
†Buriolestes †Eoraptor †Mbiresaurus †Saturnaliidae †Guaibasauridae †Bagualosauria Langer et al., 2019 †Arcusaurus †Asylosaurus †Bagualosaurus †Efraasia †Nambalia †Pantydraco †Thecodontosauridae †Unaysauridae †Plateosauria Tornier, 1913 †Plateosauravus †Ruehleia †Xixiposaurus †Plateosauridae †Massopoda Yates, 2007 †Chuxiongosaurus †Ignavusaurus †Kholumolumo †Musankwa †Sarahsaurus †Tuebingosaurus †Massospondylidae †Riojasauridae †Sauropodiformes Sereno, 2007 †Isanosaurus †Jingshanosaurus †Qianlong †Schleitheimia †Seitaad †Xingxiulong †Yizhousaurus †Yunnanosaurus †Anchisauria Haekel, 1895 †Aardonyx †Anchisaurus †Irisosaurus †Leonerasaurus †Mussaurus †Sefapanosaurus †Melanorosauridae †Sauropoda

Sauropoda[edit]

Sauropods

Temporal range:
Late Triassic–Late Cretaceous, 228–66 Ma

Six sauropods (top to bottom): Patagotitan, Barosaurus, Giraffatitan, Omeisaurus, Shunosaurus, and Amargasaurus

Scientific classification

Domain:

Kingdom:

Phylum:

Clade:

Clade:

Clade:

†Sauropodomorpha

Clade:

†Anchisauria

Clade:

†Sauropoda
Marsh, 1878

Subgroups

†Amygdalodon
†Blikanasaurus
†Chinshakiangosaurus
†Gongxianosaurus
†Isanosaurus
†Kotasaurus
†Pulanesaura
†Volkheimeria
†Lessemsauridae
†Gravisauria Allain & Aquesbi, 2008
- †Barapasaurus
- †Ohmdenosaurus
- †Rhoetosaurus
- †Spinophorosaurus
- †Tazoudasaurus
- †Vulcanodon
- †Zizhongosaurus
- †Eusauropoda Upchurch, 1995
  - †Atlasaurus
  - †Chondrosteosaurus
  - †Cetiosauriscus
  - †Lapparentosaurus
  - †Jobaria
  - †Perijasaurus
  - †Shunosaurus
  - †Cetiosauridae
  - †Mamenchisauridae
  - †Turiasauria
  - †Neosauropoda Bonaparte, 1986
    - †Diplodocoidea
    - †Macronaria

Sauropods of uncertain affinity
†Algoasaurus †Archaeodontosaurus †Asiatosaurus †Bagualia †Bellusaurus †Bothriospondylus †Ferganasaurus †Nebulasaurus †Protognathosaurus †Qinlingosaurus †Sanpasaurus †Schleitheimia? †Tuebingosaurus? †Ultrasaurus †Yizhousaurus?

Synonyms

Opisthocoelia Owen, 1860
Cetiosauria Seeley, 1870
Diplodocia Tornier, 1913

Macronaria[edit]

Macronarians Temporal range: Middle Jurassic–Late Cretaceous, 174–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Seven macronarian sauropods (top to bottom): Argentinosaurus, Camarasaurus lentus, Opisthocoelicaudia, Europasaurus, Qiaowanlong, Huanghetitan (foreground) with Daxiatitan (background)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	†Sauropodomorpha
Clade:	†Sauropoda
Clade:	†Neosauropoda
Clade:	†Macronaria Wilson & Sereno, 1998
Clades and subclades
†Abrosaurus †Aragosaurus †Bashunosaurus? †Haestasaurus †Janenschia †Lapparentosaurus †Marmarospondylus? †Yuzhoulong †Camarasauromorpha †Camarasauridae †Titanosauriformes †Brachiosauridae †Somphospondyli †Euhelopodidae †Titanosauria

Titanosauria[edit]

Titanosaurs

Temporal range: Cretaceous, 140–66 Ma

Mounted Patagotitan on display at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL

Scientific classification

Domain:

Kingdom:

Phylum:

Clade:

Clade:

Clade:

†Sauropodomorpha

Clade:

†Sauropoda

Clade:

†Macronaria

Clade:

†Somphospondyli

Clade:

†Titanosauria
Bonaparte & Coria, 1993

Subgroups^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

†Diamantinasauria
†Lithostrotia?
- †Lirainosaurinae
- †Eutitanosauria
  - †Saltasauroidea
  - †Colossosauria
    - †Lognkosauria
    - †Rinconsauria
    - †Aeolosaurini

Titanosaurs of uncertain affinity and basal genera

Colossosauria[edit]

Colossosaurians Temporal range: Cretaceous, 101.62–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Skeleton mount of Patagotitan mayorum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	†Sauropodomorpha
Clade:	†Sauropoda
Clade:	†Macronaria
Clade:	†Titanosauria
Clade:	†Eutitanosauria
Clade:	†Colossosauria González-Riga et al., 2019
Genera
†Antarctosaurus †Baalsaurus †Bonitasaura †Chucarosaurus †Epachthosaurus? †Jainosaurus †Quetecsaurus †Vahiny †Lognkosauria Calvo et al., 2007 †Argentinosaurus †Drusilasaura †Dzharatitanis? †Futalognkosaurus †Jiangxititan? †Mendozasaurus †Notocolossus †Patagotitan †Puertasaurus †Traukutitan †Rinconsauria Calvo et al., 2007 †Maxakalisaurus †Muyelensaurus †Overosaurus †Panamericansaurus †Rinconsaurus †Aeolosaurini Franco-Rosas et al., 2004 †Aeolosaurus †Arrudatitan †Bravasaurus †Caieiria †Gondwanatitan †Panamericansaurus †Punatitan †Shingopana

Saltasauroidea[edit]

Ornithopods[edit]

Ornithopods Temporal range: Middle Jurassic - Late Cretaceous, 164–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Six archetypal ornithopods (top to bottom): Ouranosaurus, Tenontosaurus (background) with Convolosaurus (foreground), Muttaburrasaurus, Edmontosaurus annectens, Dryosaurus altus, Corythosaurus casuarius
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	†Ornithischia
Clade:	†Cerapoda
Clade:	†Ornithopoda Marsh, 1881
Subgroups
†Ampelognathus? †Burianosaurus †Changmiania? †Convolosaurus †Gideonmantellia †Elasmaria †Hypsilophodontidae? †Iguanodontia †Cumnoria †Napaisaurus †Rhabdodontomorpha †Dryomorpha †Hesperonyx †Owenodon? †Dryosauridae †Ankylopollexia †Camptosaurus †Draconyx †Oblitosaurus †Riabininohadros †Uteodon †Styracosterna †Barilium †Bayannurosaurus †Calvarius †Cedrorestes †Dakotadon †Fukuisaurus †Hippodraco †Hypselospinus †Iguanacolossus †Lanzhousaurus †Magnamanus †Osmakasaurus †Planicoxa †Theiophytalia †Hadrosauriformes
Synonyms^[17]
?Clypeodonta? Norman, 2014 ?Euornithopoda Sereno, 1986 ?Hypsilophodontia Cooper, 1985

Stem-archosaurs[edit]

Archosauromorpha[edit]

Archosauromorphs

Temporal range: 260–0 Ma

Possible Middle Permian records

Row 1: Sharovipteryx mirabilis and Crocodylus porosus
Row 2: Pardalotus punctatus and Hyperodapedon fischeri
Row 3: Tanystropheus longobardicus

Scientific classification

Domain:

Kingdom:

Phylum:

Class:

Clade:

Clade:

Archosauromorpha
von Huene, 1946

Subgroups

†Aenigmastropheus
†Prolacertoides
†Protorosaurus
†Tanysauria
- †Sharovipterygidae?
- †Tanystropheidae
- †Trachelosauridae
Crocopoda
- †Boreopricea
- †Tasmaniosaurus
- †Teyujagua
- †Allokotosauria
- †Prolacertidae
- †Rhynchosauria
- Archosauriformes
  - †Antarctanax
  - †Kalisuchus
  - †Sarmatosuchus
  - †Proterosuchidae
  - †Protopyknosia
  - †Erythrosuchidae
  - Eucrocopoda
    - †Asperoris
    - †Dorosuchus
    - †Polymorphodon
    - †Euparkeriidae
    - †Proterochampsia
      - †Doswelliidae
      - †Proterochampsidae
    - Crurotarsi
      - †Phytosauria
      - Archosauria

Archosauromorpha incertae sedis
†Czatkowiella †Elachistosuchus †Elessaurus †Eorasaurus †Exilisuchus †Jesairosaurus †Malutinisuchus †Mecistotrachelos? †Megacnemus †Microcnemus †Rhombopholis

Archosauriformes incertae sedis
†Barberenasuchus †Crosbysaurus †Cuyosuchus †Fenhosuchus (possible chimera) †Heteropelta †Sphodrosaurus †Syntomiprosopus †Uatchitodon †Vigilosaurus †Vjushkovisaurus †Wangisuchus

Possible archosauromorphs
†Choristodera †Drepanosauromorpha †Helveticosauridae †Kuehneosauridae †Ichthyosauromorpha †Sauropterygia †Thalattosauria

Avemetatarsalia[edit]

Avemetatarsalians Temporal range: Middle Triassic–Present, 247–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N (possible Early Triassic record if Prorotodactylus is part of the clade)

Seven avemetatarsalians (top to bottom): a Gentoo penguin, Marasuchus, Kentrosaurus, Thalassodromeus (foreground) with Anhanguera (background), Diplodocus, Rhamphorhynchus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Sauropsida
Clade:	Archosauria
Clade:	Avemetatarsalia Benton, 1999
Subgroups
†Incertovenator? †Mambachiton †Aphanosauria Ornithodira Gauthier, 1986 †Pterosauromorpha Kuhn-Schnyder & Rieber, 1986 †Maehary †Scleromochlus †Lagerpetidae? †Pterosauria Dinosauromorpha Benton, 1985 †Lagosuchus †Marasuchus Dracohors Cau, 2018 †Agnosphytis? †Nyasasaurus? †Pisanosaurus? †Saltopus †Herrerasauridae? †Silesauridae? (possibly paraphyletic) Dinosauria (including Aves)
Synonyms
Dracones Haeckel, 1895 Ornithosuchia Huene, 1908 Ornithotarsi Gauthier, 1986 Pan-Aves Gauthier and de Queiroz, 2001

Pseudosuchians[edit]

Pseudosuchia[edit]

Pseudosuchians Temporal range: Early Triassic–Present, 248–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Postosuchus (Rauisuchidae) and Desmatosuchus (Aetosauria)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauria
Clade:	Pseudosuchia Zittel, 1887
Subgroups
†Dasygnathoides †Smok? †Phytosauria? †Ornithosuchidae Suchia Krebs, 1974 †Koilamasuchus †Nundasuchus †Ticinosuchus †Erpetosuchidae †Gracilisuchidae †Aetosauriformes Parker et al., 2021 †Acaenasuchus †Euscolosuchus †Revueltosaurus †Aetosauria Paracrocodylomorpha Parrish, 1993 †Vytshegdosuchus †Mambawakale †Poposauroidea Loricata Merrem, 1820 †Apatosuchus †Arganasuchus †Batrachotomus †Dagasuchus †Decuriasuchus †Etjosuchus †Fasolasuchus †Heptasuchus †Mandasuchus †Youngosuchus †Prestosuchidae (paraphyletic?) †Rauisuchidae (paraphyletic?) Crocodylomorpha
Synonyms
Crocodylotarsi Benton & Clark, 1988 Crurotarsi? Sereno & Arcucci, 1990

Crocodylomorpha[edit]

Crocodylomorphs

Temporal range: Late Triassic–Present, 235–0 Ma^[18]

Skeleton of Terrestrisuchus, an early saltoposuchid crocodylomorph

Scientific classification

Domain:

Kingdom:

Phylum:

Class:

Clade:

Clade:

Clade:

Clade:

Clade:

Crocodylomorpha
Hay, 1930

Subgroups

†Carnufex
†Dianchungosaurus
†Dibothrosuchus
†Dromicosuchus
†Hesperosuchus
†Kayentasuchus
†Parrishia
†Pseudhesperosuchus
†Redondavenator
†Sphenosuchus
†Trialestes
†Saltoposuchidae Crush, 1984
- †Litargosuchus
- †Saltoposuchus
- †Terrestrisuchus
Solidocrania Ruebenstahl et al., 2022
- †Almadasuchus
- †Hallopus
- †Junggarsuchus
- †Macelognathus
- †Phyllodontosuchus
- †Thalattosuchia?
- Crocodyliformes
  - †Eopneumatosuchus
  - †Notochampsa
  - †Orthosuchus
  - †Platyognathus
  - †Stegomosuchus
  - †Gobiosuchidae
  - †Protosuchidae
  - Mesoeucrocodylia
    - †Dianchungosaurus
    - †Hsisosuchus
    - †Induszalim
    - †Neuquensuchus
    - †Zosuchus
    - †Shartegosuchoidea
      - †Sichuanosuchus
      - †Shantungosuchus
      - †Shartegosuchidae
    - Metasuchia
      - †Notosuchia / †Ziphosuchia
      - Neosuchia

Crocodylomorphs of uncertain affinity
†Artzosuchus †Entradasuchus †Kemkemia †Lusitanosuchus †Microchampsa †Pedeticosaurus †Syntomiprosopus? †Tagarosuchus

Thalattosuchia[edit]

Thalattosuchians Temporal range: Early Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Sinemurian–Aptian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Platysuchus,(Teleosauridae, Teleosauroidea)

Cricosaurus (Metriorhynchidae, Metriorhynchoidea)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauria
Clade:	Pseudosuchia
Clade:	Crocodylomorpha
Clade:	Crocodyliformes
Suborder:	†Thalattosuchia Fraas, 1901^[19]
Superfamilies
†Eopneumatosuchus? †Turnersuchus Neothalattosuchia Young et al., 2024 †Pelagosaurus †Teleosauroidea Geoffroy, 1831 †Plagiophthalmosuchus †Machimosauridae †Teleosauridae †Metriorhynchoidea Fitzinger, 1843 †Eoneustes †Magyarosuchus †Opisuchus †Teleidosaurus †Euthalattosuchia Young et al., 2024 †Zoneait †Metriorhynchidae

Pterosaurs[edit]

Pterosauria[edit]

Pterosaurs Temporal range: Late Triassic – Late Cretaceous, 228–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Six pterosaurs (top to bottom): Dimorphodon, Pterodactylus, Anurognathus, Quetzalcoatlus, Sordes, Tropeognathus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Archosauria
Clade:	Avemetatarsalia
Clade:	Ornithodira
Clade:	†Pterosauromorpha
Order:	†Pterosauria Owen, 1842
Subgroups
†Caviramidae †Eopterosauria †Macronychoptera Unwin, 2003 †Dimorphodontia †Novialoidea Unwin, 2003 †Campylognathoidea †Breviquartossa Unwin, 2003 †Rhamphorhynchidae †Lonchognatha Unwin, 2003 †Sordes †Allkaruen †Monofenestrata Lü et al., 2010 †Archaeoistiodactylus †Changchengopterus †Douzhanopterus †Darwinoptera †Caelidracones Unwin, 2003 †Anurognathidae †Pterodactyloidea

Distribution of pterosaur fossil locations. Colored species or genera names correspond to their taxonomic group.^[a]
Synonyms
Pterosaurii Kaup, 1834 Ornithosauria Seeley, 1870

Pterodactyloidea[edit]

Pterodactyloids Temporal range: Middle Jurassic – Late Cretaceous, 162.7–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Several members of Pterodactyloidea (top to bottom): Pteranodon, Pterodaustro, the skulls of several pterosaurs (Guidraco, Anhanguera, Tupandactylus, and an unnamed dsungaripterid), Quetzalcoatlus, Aerodactylus, and Coloborhynchus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Pterosauria
Clade:	†Caelidracones
Suborder:	†Pterodactyloidea Plieninger, 1901
Subgroups
†Dermodactylus †Eurolimnornis †Herbstosaurus †Kryptodrakon †Ningchengopterus †Pangupterus †Piksi †Samrukia? †Wenupteryx †Lophocratia Unwin, 2003 †Archaeopterodactyloidea †Eupterodactyloidea Bennett, 1994 †Altmuehlopterus †Germanodactylus? †Haopterus? †Ornithocheiroidea Seeley, 1870 †Azhdarchoidea †Pteranodontoidea Kellner, 1996 †Santanadactylus †Pteranodontia †Ornithocheiromorpha
Synonyms
Dracochira Haeckel, 1895

Archaeopterodactyloidea[edit]

Archaeopterodactyloids Temporal range: Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous, 152–105 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N , possible Late Cretaceous presence.^[20]

Restored skull of the ctenochasmatid Pterodaustro guinazui

Cast of the sub-adult type specimen of Pterodactylus antiquus, an archaeopterodactyloid.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Pterosauria
Suborder:	†Pterodactyloidea
Infraorder:	†Archaeopterodactyloidea Kellner, 1996
Subgroups
†Prejanopterus †Germanodactylidae †Euctenochasmatia Unwin, 2003 †Pterodactylus †Diopecephalus †Ctenochasmatoidea Nopcsa, 1928 †Ardeadactylus †Aurorazhdarcho †Petrodactyle †Ctenochasmatidae †Gallodactylidae

Azhdarchoidea[edit]

Azhdarchoids Temporal range: Early - Late Cretaceous, 143–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Late Jurassic record^[21]

Reconstructed skeleton of Quetzalcoatlus northropi
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Pterosauria
Suborder:	†Pterodactyloidea
Clade:	†Ornithocheiroidea
Clade:	†Azhdarchoidea Nesov, 1984
Subgroups
†Argentinadraco †Keresdrakon †Leptostomia? †Microtuban †Montanazhdarcho †Ornithostoma †Xericeps †Dsungaripteridae †Thalassodromidae (relationships uncertain) †Tapejaromorpha Andres et al., 2014 †Bennettazhia †Nemicolopterus †Tapejaridae †Azhdarchomorpha Pêgas et al., 2022 †Alanqa? †Eoazhdarcho †Radiodactylus †Azhdarchidae †Chaoyangopteridae

Ornithocheiromorpha[edit]

Ornithocheiromorphs Temporal range: Valanginian-Turonian ~140–92.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Reconstructed skeleton of Tropeognathus in the National Museum of Brazil

Skeletal cast of Maaradactylus spielbergi in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Pterosauria
Suborder:	†Pterodactyloidea
Clade:	†Pteranodontoidea
Clade:	†Ornithocheiromorpha Andres et al., 2014
Subgroups
†Serradraco †Unwindia †Lonchodectidae †Lancedontia Andres et al., 2014 †Istiodactyliformes Kellner et al., 2019 †Hongshanopterus †Linlongopterus †Yixianopterus †Istiodactylidae †Mimodactylidae †Ornithocheiriformes Kellner et al., 2019 †Brasileodactylus †Boreopteridae †Ornithocheirae Seeley, 1870 †Ornithocheirus †Targaryendraconia Pêgas et al., 2019 †Cimoliopteridae †Targaryendraconidae †Anhangueria Rodrigues & Kellner, 2013 †Anhangueridae †Hamipteridae

Marine reptiles[edit]

Ichthyosauromorpha[edit]

Ichthyosauromorpha Temporal range: Early Triassic - Late Cretaceous, 251.3–90 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Inferred Permian origins^[22]

Hupehsuchus nanchangensis

Ichthyosaurus somersetensis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Neodiapsida
Clade:	†Ichthyosauromorpha Motani et al., 2014
Subgroups
†Baisesaurus †Hupehsuchia †Ichthyosauriformes Motani et al., 2014 †Omphalosauridae (Nasorostra?) †Ichthyopterygia Owen, 1840 †Isfjordosaurus †Parvinatator †Thaisaurus †Utatsusaurus †Eoichthyosauria †Grippida †Grippia †Gulosaurus †Ichthyosauria

Ichthyosauria[edit]

A Cynical Idealist/sandbox4 Temporal range: Early Triassic – Late Cretaceous, 250–90 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Skeleton of Ichthyosaurus somersetensis (NHMUK OR 2013)

Life restoration of Ophthalmosaurus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	†Eoichthyosauria
Order:	†Ichthyosauria Blainville, 1835
Subgroups
†Chaohusaurus? †Grippia? †Parvinatator? †Utatsusaurus? †Hueneosauria Maisch & Matzke, 2000 †Mixosauridae †Longipinnati Huene, 1948 †Cymbospondylidae †Toretocnemidae †Merriamosauria Motani, 1999 †Besanosaurus †Californosaurus †Pessopteryx †Pessosaurus †Thalattoarchon †Shastasauridae †Euichthyosauria Motani, 1999 †Callawayia †Guizhouichthyosaurus †Parvipelvia

Parvipelvia[edit]

A Cynical Idealist/sandbox4 Temporal range: Norian–Cenomanian ~210–93.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Ichthyosaurus breviceps fossil
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	†Ichthyosauria
Clade:	†Euichthyosauria
Node:	†Parvipelvia Motani, 1999
Subgroups
†Hudsonelpidia †Macgowania †Neoichthyosauria Moon, 2017 †Dearcmhara †Hauffiopteryx †Suevoleviathan †Temnodontosaurus †Leptonectidae †Thunnosauria Motani, 1999 †Ichthyosauridae †Baracromia Campos et al., 2021 †Chacaicosaurus †Ophthalmosauridae †Stenopterygiidae

Sauropterygia[edit]

Sauropterygians Temporal range: Early Triassic - Late Cretaceous, 247–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Sauropterygia diversity. Clockwise from top left: Ceresiosaurus calcagnii (Nothosauroidea), Henodus chelyops (Placodontia), Brachauchenius lucasi, Aristonectes parvidens (Plesiosauria).
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Neodiapsida
Superorder:	†Sauropterygia Owen, 1860
Subgroups
†Atopodentatus †Hanosaurus †Helveticosauridae? †Saurosphargidae †Placodontiformes Neenan et al., 2013 †Palatodonta †Placodontia †Eosauropterygia Rieppel, 1994 †Nothosauria Baur, 1889 †Brevicaudosaurus †Dawazisaurus †Nothosauridae †Simosauridae †Pachypleurosauria †Pistosauroidea Baur, 1887-90 †Chinchenia †Corosaurus †[Cymatosaurus †Kwangsisaurus †Wangosaurus †Pistosauria Kuhn, 1946 †Augustasaurus †Bobosaurus †Yunguisaurus †Pistosauridae †Plesiosauria

Plesiosauroidea[edit]

Plesiosauroids Temporal range: Late Triassic - Late Cretaceous, 210–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Life restoration of Elasmosaurus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	†Sauropterygia
Order:	†Plesiosauria
Clade:	†Neoplesiosauria
Superfamily:	†Plesiosauroidea Gray, 1825
Subgroups
†Eoplesiosaurus †Franconiasaurus †Plesiopharos †Microcleididae †Plesiosauridae †Cryptoclidia Ketchum and Benson, 2010 †Cryptocleididae †Xenopsaria C. V. Miller et al., 2020 †Elasmosauridae †Leptocleidia Ketchum and Benson, 2010 †Leptocleididae †Polycotylidae

Styxosaurus, Dolicorhynchops, Plesiosaurus, Zaarafrasaura, Cryptocleidus, Leptocleidus

Pliosauroidea[edit]

Pliosauridae[edit]

A Cynical Idealist/sandbox4 Temporal range: Late Triassic - Late Cretaceous, 228–89.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Cast of Attenborosaurus conybeari (NHMUK R1339), Natural History Museum

Liopleurodon ferox mounted skeleton, Museum of Paleontology, Tübingen
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Superorder:	†Sauropterygia
Order:	†Plesiosauria
Suborder:	†Pliosauroidea
Family:	†Pliosauridae Seeley, 1874
Subgroups
†Anguanax †Arminisaurus †Attenborosaurus †Hauffiosaurus †Marmornectes †Monquirasaurus †Pachycostasaurus †Rhaeticosaurus †Thalassiodracon †Thalassophonea Benson & Druckenmiller, 2013 †Gallardosaurus †Ischyrodon †Liopleurodon †Megalneusaurus †Simolestes †Peloneustes †Pliosaurus †"Pliosaurus" andrewsi †Brachaucheninae Benson & Druckenmiller, 2013 †Acostasaurus †Brachauchenius †Kronosaurus †Lorrainosaurus †Luskhan †Makhaira †Megacephalosaurus †Polyptychodon †Sachicasaurus †Stenorhynchosaurus

Mosasauria[edit]

Misc[edit]

Proboscidea[edit]

A Cynical Idealist/sandbox4 Temporal range: Middle Paleocene-Holocene 60.0–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Proboscidean diversity: Indian elephant, Elephas maximus indicus, African bush elephant, Loxodonta africana and African forest elephant, Loxodonta cyclotis

Skeleton of Moeritherium
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Mirorder:	Tethytheria
Order:	Proboscidea Illiger, 1811
Subclades
†Eritherium †Moeritherium †Saloumia †Numidotheriidae †Barytheriidae †Deinotheriidae Elephantiformes †Dagbatitherium †Hemimastodon †Palaeomastodon †Phiomia Elephantimorpha †Mammutidae Elephantida †Eritreum †Amebelodontidae †Choerolophodontidae †"Gomphotheriidae" (paraphyletic) Elephantoidea †Anancus †Paratetralophodon †Pediolophodon †Tetralophodon †Stegodontidae Elephantidae

Cetacea[edit]

Tetrapoda[edit]

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[Holtz2008-1] Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2011 Appendix. Archived 2017-08-12 at the Wayback Machine

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[wang2021-9] Wang, X.; Bandeira, K.L.; Qiu, R.; Jiang, S.; Cheng, X.; Ma, Y.; Kellner, A.W. (2021). "The first dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Hami Pterosaur Fauna, China". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 14962. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1114962W. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94273-7. PMC 8361124. PMID 34385481.

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[mannion2019-11] Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Jin, X.; Zheng, W. (2019). "New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (8): 191057. Bibcode:2019RSOS....691057M. doi:10.1098/rsos.191057. PMC 6731702. PMID 31598266.

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Theropods[edit]

Infobox collages[edit]

Carnosauria[edit]

Tyrannosauridae[edit]

Paraves[edit]

History of study[edit]

Initial discovery[edit]

Dinosaur renaissance[edit]

Modern study[edit]

Anatomy[edit]

Body size[edit]

Feathers and wings[edit]

Feet and claws[edit]

Head and senses[edit]

Skeletal features[edit]

Classification[edit]

Evolution[edit]

Relationship to birds[edit]

Taxonomy[edit]

Paleoecology[edit]

Diet[edit]

Distribution[edit]

Predation[edit]

See also[edit]

Avialae[edit]

Euornithes[edit]

Sauropodomorphs[edit]

Sauropodomorpha[edit]

Sauropoda[edit]

Macronaria[edit]

Titanosauria[edit]

Colossosauria[edit]

Saltasauroidea[edit]

Ornithopods[edit]

Stem-archosaurs[edit]

Archosauromorpha[edit]

Avemetatarsalia[edit]

Pseudosuchians[edit]

Pseudosuchia[edit]

Crocodylomorpha[edit]

Thalattosuchia[edit]

Pterosaurs[edit]

Pterosauria[edit]

Pterodactyloidea[edit]

Archaeopterodactyloidea[edit]

Azhdarchoidea[edit]

Ornithocheiromorpha[edit]

Marine reptiles[edit]

Ichthyosauromorpha[edit]

Ichthyosauria[edit]

Parvipelvia[edit]

Sauropterygia[edit]

Plesiosauroidea[edit]

Pliosauroidea[edit]

Pliosauridae[edit]

Mosasauria[edit]

Misc[edit]

Proboscidea[edit]

Cetacea[edit]

Tetrapoda[edit]