Lists of earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They range from weak events detectable only by seismometers, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the greatest disasters in human history. Below, earthquakes are listed by period, region or country, year, magnitude, cost, fatalities and number of scientific studies.
Lists by time period[edit]
By century[edit]
By decade[edit]
By year[edit]
- 1900
- 1901
- 1902
- 1903
- 1904
- 1905
- 1906
- 1907
- 1908
- 1909
- 1910
- 1911
- 1912
- 1913
- 1914
- 1915
- 1916
- 1917
- 1918
- 1919
- 1920
- 1921
- 1922
- 1923
- 1924
- 1925
- 1926
- 1927
- 1928
- 1929
- 1930
- 1931
- 1932
- 1933
- 1934
- 1935
- 1936
- 1937
- 1938
- 1939
- 1940
- 1941
- 1942
- 1943
- 1944
- 1945
- 1946
- 1947
- 1948
- 1949
- 1950
- 1951
- 1952
- 1953
- 1954
- 1955
- 1956
- 1957
- 1958
- 1959
- 1960
- 1961
- 1962
- 1963
- 1964
- 1965
- 1966
- 1967
- 1968
- 1969
- 1970
- 1971
- 1972
- 1973
- 1974
- 1975
- 1976
- 1977
- 1978
- 1979
- 1980
- 1981
- 1982
- 1983
- 1984
- 1985
- 1986
- 1987
- 1988
- 1989
- 1990
- 1991
- 1992
- 1993
- 1994
- 1995
- 1996
- 1997
- 1998
- 1999
- 2000
- 2001
- 2002
- 2003
- 2004
- 2005
- 2006
- 2007
- 2008
- 2009
- 2010
- 2011
- 2012
- 2013
- 2014
- 2015
- 2016
- 2017
- 2018
- 2019
- 2020
- 2021
- 2022
- 2023
- 2024
Number of earthquakes m > 4 per country by year[edit]
Country[1] | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indonesia | 2233 | 2207 | 2307 | 2082 | 2907 | 1928 |
Mexico | 1838 | 1791 | 1873 | 2105 | 2090 | 1915 |
Philippines | 1473 | 921 | 831 | 851 | 950 | 470 |
Chile | 936 | 905 | 970 | 993 | 846 | 856 |
Japan | 903 | 1253 | 1122 | 819 | 776 | 875 |
Turkey | 879 | 188 | 231 | 363 | 166 | 123 |
Papua New Guinea | 819 | 549 | 637 | 596 | 645 | 1024 |
Guatemala | 759 | 568 | 589 | 619 | 795 | 609 |
Syria | 740 | 26 | 23 | 81 | 17 | 18 |
Peru | 580 | 615 | 626 | 536 | 501 | 404 |
China | 473 | 437 | 423 | 432 | 353 | 357 |
Afghanistan | 414 | 260 | 281 | 298 | 243 | 266 |
Argentina | 402 | 378 | 435 | 434 | 381 | 386 |
Tajikistan | 356 | 249 | 274 | 284 | 243 | 280 |
Tonga | 354 | 430 | 272 | 315 | 270 | 276 |
El Salvador | 338 | 338 | 369 | 304 | 366 | 326 |
Iran | 305 | 321 | 310 | 264 | 263 | 356 |
Nicaragua | 299 | 304 | 299 | 271 | 306 | 314 |
India | 275 | 303 | 248 | 303 | 218 | 147 |
Honduras | 270 | 296 | 272 | 243 | 286 | 265 |
Russia | 253 | 218 | 320 | 193 | 226 | 147 |
Timor Leste | 243 | 281 | 295 | 264 | 263 | 214 |
Pakistan | 221 | 230 | 220 | 287 | 218 | 219 |
Kyrgyzstan | 214 | 128 | 153 | 184 | 115 | 165 |
Uzbekistan | 197 | 112 | 139 | 147 | 108 | 156 |
Taiwan | 193 | 358 | 294 | 211 | 169 | 217 |
Fiji | 191 | 178 | 191 | 180 | 174 | 264 |
Costa Rica | 190 | 271 | 263 | 245 | 243 | 229 |
Guam | 186 | 230 | 149 | 164 | 129 | 156 |
Bolivia | 182 | 182 | 194 | 185 | 166 | 164 |
Greece | 181 | 244 | 380 | 523 | 357 | 425 |
Colombia | 167 | 148 | 165 | 140 | 125 | 154 |
Northern Mariana Islands | 162 | 173 | 112 | 153 | 109 | 129 |
Panama | 156 | 183 | 161 | 136 | 142 | 134 |
Myanmar | 143 | 128 | 137 | 119 | 98 | 126 |
Ecuador | 138 | 167 | 173 | 136 | 147 | 126 |
Lebanon | 137 | - | - | - | - | - |
New Zealand | 137 | 141 | 547 | 172 | 93 | 98 |
United States | 128 | 181 | 190 | 193 | 242 | 245 |
Cyprus | 127 | 26 | - | - | - | - |
Lists by location[edit]
By country[edit]
- Afghanistan
- Albania
- Algeria
- Argentina
- Armenia
- Australia
- Azerbaijan
- Bangladesh
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Canada
- Chile
- China
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Dominican Republic
- East Timor
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- El Salvador
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- France
- Fiji
- Georgia
- Germany
- Ghana
- Greece
- Guam
- Guatemala
- Haiti
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Italy
- Japan
- Kosovo
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Morocco
- Myanmar
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nicaragua
- Pakistan
- Palestine
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Peru
- Philippines
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Samoa
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovenia
- Solomon Islands
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Taiwan
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Tonga
- Turkey
- United States
- Vanuatu
- Venezuela
- Yemen
By region[edit]
Deadliest earthquakes by year[edit]
Year | Magnitude | Location | Depth (km) | MMI | Deaths | Injuries | Event | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1937 | 6.9 | China, Shandong Province | 25.0 | IX | 3,252 | 12,701 | 1937 Heze earthquakes | July 31 |
1938 | 6.6 | Turkey, Kırşehir Province | 10.0 | IX | 224 | 1938 Kırşehir earthquake | April 19 | |
1939 | 7.8 | Turkey, Erzincan Province | 20.0 | XII | 32,700–32,968 | 100,000 | 1939 Erzincan earthquake | December 27 |
1940 | 7.7 | Romania, Vrancea County | 133.0 | X | 1,000 | 4,000 | 1940 Vrancea earthquake | November 10 |
1941 | 5.8–6.5 | Yemen, Razih District | 35.0 | VIII | 1,200 | 200 | 1941 Jabal Razih earthquake | January 11 |
1942 | 7.0 | Turkey, Erbaa | 10.0 | IX | 3,000 | 1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake | December 20 | |
1943 | 7.5–7.7 | Turkey, Çankırı | 20.0 | XI | 2,824–5,000 | 5,000 | 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake | November 27 |
1944 | 7.0 | Argentina, San Juan | 15.0 | IX | 10,000 | 1944 San Juan earthquake | January 15 | |
1945 | 8.1 | British India, Makran Coast | 15.0 | X | 300–4,000 | 1945 Balochistan earthquake | November 28 | |
1946 | 7.8 | Dominican Republic, Samaná | 15.0 | IX | 2,550 | 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake | August 4 | |
1947 | 7.7 | Peru, Junín Province | 20.0 | IX | 233–2,233 | 1947 Satipo earthquake | August 4 | |
1948 | 7.3 | Soviet Union, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic | 15.0 | X | 10,000–110,000 | 1948 Ashgabat earthquake | October 6 | |
1949 | 7.5 | Soviet Union, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic | 18.0 | IX | 7,200 | 1949 Khait earthquake | July 10 | |
1950 | 8.6 | India, Assam | 15.0 | XI | 4,800 | 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake | August 15 | |
1951 | 5.9–6.2 | El Salvador, Usulután | 85.0 | 400–1,100 | 4,000 | 1951 El Salvador earthquake | May 6 | |
1952 | 9.0 | Soviet Union, Russian Soviet Socialist Republic | 21.6 | XI | 2,336 | 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake | November 5 | |
1953 | 7.5 | Turkey, Balıkesir Province | 10.0 | IX | 1,070 | 1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake | March 18 | |
1954 | 6.7 | France, Chlef Province, Algeria | 15.0 | XI | 1,243–1,409 | 5,000 | 1954 Chlef earthquake | September 9 |
1955 | 7.4 | Philippines, Western Mindanao | 35.0 | VIII | 465 | 898 | 1955 Lanao earthquake | March 31 |
1956 | 6.4 | Iran, Hormozgan | 15.0 | VII | 347 | 1956 Hormozgan earthquake | October 31 | |
1957 | 6.5 | Iran, Hamadan | 15.0 | VII | 1,130 | 900 | 1957 Farsinaj earthquake | December 13 |
1958 | 6.7 | Iran, Lorestan | 15.0 | VII | 132 | 1958 Lorestan earthquake | August 16 | |
1959 | 7.3 | United States, Montana | 5.0 | X | 28 | 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake | August 18 | |
1960 | 5.8 | Morocco, Souss-Massa | 15.0 | X | 12,000–15,000 | 12,000 | 1960 Agadir earthquake | February 29 |
1961 | 6.4 | Iran, Fars province | 15.0 | VIII | 60 | 1961 Fars earthquake | June 11 | |
1962 | 7.1 | Iran, Qazvin province | 10.0 | IX | 12,225 | 2,776 | 1962 Buin Zahra earthquake | September 1 |
1963 | 6.1 | Yugoslavia, Macedonia | 15.0 | X | 1,070 | 3,000–4,000 | 1963 Skopje earthquake | July 26 |
1964 | 9.2 | United States, Alaska | 25.0 | XI | 131 | 1964 Alaska earthquake | March 27 | |
1965 | 7.4–7.6 | Chile, Valparaíso Region | 70.0 | IX | 400–500 | 1965 Valparaíso earthquake and the El Cobre dam failures | March 28 | |
1966 | 6.8 | China, Hebei | 20.0 | IX | 8,064 | 38,000 | 1966 Xingtai earthquakes | March 22 |
1967 | 6.6 | Venezuela, Vargas | 25.0 | VIII | 225–300 | 1,536 | 1967 Caracas earthquake | July 29 |
1968 | 7.1 | Iran, South Khorasan Province | 10.0 | X | 15,900 | 1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes | August 31 | |
1969 | 6.4 | China, Guangdong | 20.0 | VIII | 3,000 | 1969 Yangjiang earthquake | July 25 | |
1970 | 7.9 | Peru, Ancash | 45.0 | VIII | 66,794–70,000 | 50,000 | 1970 Ancash earthquake | May 31 |
1971 | 6.6 | Turkey, Bingöl | 10.0 | VIII | 875[2] | 1,200 | 1971 Bingöl earthquake | May 22 |
1972 | 6.7 | Iran, Fars | 10.0 | IX | 5,374 | 1,710 | 1972 Qir earthquake | April 10 |
1973 | 7.6 | China, Sichuan | 11.0 | X | 2,175–2,204 | 2,743 | 1973 Luhuo earthquake | February 6 |
1974 | 7.1 | China, Yunnan | 14.0 | IX | 1,641–20,000 | 1,600 | 1974 Zhaotong earthquake | May 10 |
1975 | 6.7 | Turkey, Diyarbakır | 26.0 | IX | 2,311 | 1975 Lice earthquake | September 6 | |
1976 | 7.6 | China, Hebei | 12.2 | XI | 242,719–655,000 | 164,851 | 1976 Tangshan earthquake | July 28 |
1977 | 7.5 | Romania, Vrancea | 85.3 | IX | 1,700 | 11,386 | 1977 Vrancea earthquake | March 4 |
1978 | 7.4 | Iran, Yazd | 33.0 | IX | 15,000–25,000 | 1978 Tabas earthquake | September 16 | |
1979 | 8.2 | Colombia, Nariño | 33.0 | IX | 300–600 | 4,000 | 1979 Tumaco earthquake | December 12 |
1980 | 7.1 | Algeria, Chlef | 10.0 | X | 2,633–5,000 | 8,369–9,000 | 1980 El Asnam earthquake | October 10 |
1981 | 6.6 & 7.1 | Iran, Kerman | 33.0 | VIII & IX | 3,000 | 1,000 | 1981 Golbaf earthquake and 1981 Sirch earthquake | June 11 and July 28 |
1982 | 6.2 | North Yemen, Dhamar | 10.0 | VIII | 2,800 | 1,500 | 1982 North Yemen earthquake | December 13 |
1983 | 6.6 | Turkey, Erzurum | 15.0 | IX | 1,340 | 1983 Erzurum earthquake | October 30 | |
1984 | 6.3 | Japan, Nagano | 2.0 | VIII | 14 | 10 | 1984 Nagano earthquake | September 13 |
1985 | 8.0 | Mexico, Michoacán | 20.0 | IX | 5,000–45,000 | 30,000 | 1985 Mexico City earthquake | September 19 |
1986 | 5.7 | El Salvador, San Salvador | 10.0 | IX | 1,000–1,500 | 10,000–20,000 | 1986 San Salvador earthquake | October 10 |
1987 | 7.1 | Ecuador, Sucumbíos | 10.0 | IX | 1,000 | 1987 Ecuador earthquakes | March 6 | |
1988 | 6.8 | Soviet Union, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic | 5.0 | X | 25,000–50,000 | 130,000 | 1988 Armenian earthquake | December 7 |
1989 | 5.3 | Soviet Union, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic | 33.0 | VII | 274 | Many | 1989 Gissar earthquake | January 23 |
1990 | 7.4 | Iran, Gilan | 18.5 | X | 35,000–40,000 | 60,000–105,000 | 1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake | June 21 |
1991 | 6.8 | India, Uttar Pradesh | 11.6 | IX | 768–2,000[3] | 1,383–1,800 | 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake | October 20 |
1992 | 7.8 | Indonesia, Flores Sea offshore | 27.7 | VIII | 2,500[4] | 500 | 1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami | December 12 |
1993 | 6.2 | India, Maharashtra | 10.0 | VIII | 9,748 | 30,000 | 1993 Latur earthquake | September 29 |
1994 | 6.8 | Colombia, Cauca | 12.1 | IX | 1,100 | 1994 Páez River earthquake | June 6 | |
1995 | 6.9 | Japan, Kobe | 21.9 | XI | 5,502–6,434 | 36,896–43,792 | 1995 Kobe earthquake | January 17 |
1996 | 6.6 | China, Yunnan | 10.0 | X | 309–322 | 16,925–17,057 | 1996 Lijiang earthquake | February 3 |
1997 | 7.3 | Iran, Khorasan | 10.0 | X | 1,567 | 2,300 | 1997 Qayen earthquake | May 10 |
1998 | 6.5 | Afghanistan, Takhar | 33.0 | VII | 4,000–4,500 | 10,000 | May 1998 Afghanistan earthquake | May 30 |
1999 | 7.6 | Turkey, İzmit | 17.0 | X | 17,127–18,373 | 43,953–48,901 | 1999 İzmit earthquake | August 17 |
2000 | 7.9 | Indonesia, Enggano Island offshore | 44.0 | VI | 103[5] | 2,174–2,585 | 2000 Enggano earthquake | June 4 |
2001 | 7.7 | India, Bhuj | 16.0 | X | 13,805–20,023 | 166,800 | 2001 Gujarat earthquake | January 26 |
2002 | 6.1 | Afghanistan, Baghlan Province | 8.0 | VII | 1,200 | 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes | March 3–25 | |
2003 | 6.6 | Iran, Bam | 15.0 | IX | 34,000 | 200,000 | 2003 Bam earthquake | December 26 |
2004 | 9.1–9.3 | Indonesia, Sumatra offshore | 30.0 | IX | 227,898 | 125,000 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake | December 26 |
2005 | 7.6 | Pakistan, Balakot | 15.0 | XI | 86,000–87,351 | 69,000–75,266 | 2005 Kashmir earthquake | October 8 |
2006 | 6.4 | Indonesia, Yogyakarta | 10.0 | IX | 5,749[6] | 38,568–137,883 | 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake | May 27 |
2007 | 8.0 | Peru, Ica offshore | 39.0 | IX | 595 | 2,291 | 2007 Peru earthquake | August 15 |
2008 | 7.9 | China, Sichuan | 19.0 | XI | 87,587 | 374,643 | 2008 Sichuan earthquake | May 12 |
2009 | 7.6 | Indonesia, Padang offshore | 90.0 | VII[7] | 1,115 | 2,180 | 2009 Sumatra earthquake | September 30 |
2010 | 7.0 | Haiti, Léogâne | 13.0 | X | 100,000–316,000 | 2010 Haiti earthquake | January 12 | |
2011 | 9.1 | Japan, Sendai offshore | 29.0 | IX | 19,759 | 6,242 | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami | March 11 |
2012 | 6.4 | Iran, East Azerbaijan | 9.0 | VIII | 306 | 3,037 | 2012 East Azerbaijan earthquakes | August 11 |
2013 | 7.7 | Pakistan, Balochistan | 15.0 | IX | 825 | 700 | 2013 Balochistan earthquakes | September 24 |
2014 | 6.1 | China, Yunnan | 10.0 | IX | 617 | 3,143 | 2014 Ludian earthquake | August 3 |
2015 | 7.8 | Nepal, Gorkha District | 8.2 | X | 8,962 | 21,952 | April 2015 Nepal earthquake | April 25 |
2016 | 7.8 | Ecuador, Esmeraldas | 20.6 | VIII[8] | 676 | 27,732 | 2016 Ecuador earthquake | April 16 |
2017 | 7.3 | Iran–Iraq border Region | 19.0 | IX | 630 | 8,100 | 2017 Iran–Iraq earthquake | November 12 |
2018 | 7.5 | Indonesia, Palu | 20.0 | X | 4,340 | 10,679 | 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami | September 28 |
2019 | 6.4 | Albania, Durrës | 10.0 | VIII | 51 | 3,000 | 2019 Albania earthquake | November 26 |
2020 | 7.0 | Greece Turkey Aegean Sea |
21.0 | VIII | 119 | 1,053 | 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake | October 30 |
2021 | 7.2 | Haiti, Nippes | 10.0 | IX | 2,248 | 12,763 | 2021 Haiti earthquake | August 14 |
2022 | 6.0 | Afghanistan, Khost | 10.0 | VIII | 1,052–1,163 | 1,627–2,976 | June 2022 Afghanistan earthquake | June 21 |
2023 | 7.8 & 7.7 | Turkey, Southeastern Anatolia Syria, Aleppo and Idlib Governorates |
10.0 & 7.4 | XII | 59,488–62,013 | 121,704 | 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake | February 6 |
2024 | 7.5 | Japan, Ishikawa | 10.0 | X | 260 | 1,311 | 2024 Noto earthquake | January 1 |
Largest earthquakes by year[edit]
Year | Magnitude | Location | Depth (km) | MMI | Notes | Deaths | Injuries | Event | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1937 | 7.8 | China, Qinghai | 15.0 | VIII | – | 0 | 0 | [9] | January 7 |
1938 | 8.5–8.6 | Dutch East Indies, Maluku offshore | 60.0 | VII | A damaging tsunami up to 1.5 meters high was reported across the Banda Sea region. | 0 | 0 | 1938 Banda Sea earthquake | February 1 |
1939 | 8.1 | Dutch East Indies, Central Sulawesi offshore | 150.0 | VII | – | 0 | 0 | [10] | December 21 |
1940 | 8.2 | Peru, Lima | 45.0 | VIII | A tsunami up to 2 meters high was generated without major damage. | 179–300 | 3,500 | 1940 Lima earthquake | May 24 |
1941 | 8.0 | Japan, Miyazaki offshore | 35.0 | VII | A tsunami up to 1.2 meters high was observed in Kyushu and Shikoku. | 2 | 0 | 1941 Hyūga-nada earthquake | November 18 |
1942 | 8.2 | Peru, Ica | 35.0 | IX | In Callao, the amplitude of the tsunami's oscillations was 1.6 meters. | 30 | 25 | 1942 Peru earthquake | August 24 |
1943 | 7.9–8.2 | Chile, Coquimbo | 35.0 | VIII | A minor tsunami caused local damage along the coast. | 11 | 0 | 1943 Ovalle earthquake | April 6 |
1944 | 8.1 | Japan, Wakayama offshore | 30.0 | VIII | A destructive tsunami which had a height of 10 meters caused severe damage in the Tōkai region. | 1,223 | 2,135 | 1944 Tonankai earthquake | December 7 |
1945 | 8.1 | India, Balochistan offshore | 15.0 | X | A destructive 15-metre high tsunami was observed in the Makran Coast. | 4,000 | 0 | 1945 Balochistan earthquake | November 27 |
1946 | 8.6 | United States, Alaska offshore | 15.0 | VI | Most of the casualties and damage occurred in Hawaii, where a 17-metre high tsunami was observed. At least five people also died in Unimak Island. | 173 | 0 | 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake | April 1 |
1947 | 7.6 | Dutch East Indies, Papua offshore | 15.0 | VI | – | 0 | 0 | [11] | May 27 |
Peru, Junin | 20.0 | IX | Severe damage and landslides. Felt as far away as Lima. | 2,233 | 0 | 1947 Satipo earthquake | November 1 | ||
1948 | 7.8 | Philippines, Panay | 15.0 | X | Extensive damage. A 2-meter tsunami was also triggered. | 50 | 0 | 1948 Lady Caycay earthquake | January 24 |
1949 | 8.0 | Canada, Haida Gwaii | 10.0 | VIII | Minor damage was reported and a 0.6 meter tsunami was triggered. | 0 | 0 | 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake | August 22 |
1950 | 8.6 | India–China, Assam–Tibet border region | 15.0 | XI | This was the strongest earthquake ever recorded on land. | 4,800 | 0 | 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake | August 15 |
1951 | 7.8 | Taiwan, East Rift Valley | 30.0 | VII | This was the strongest earthquake in a sequence of events. | 85 | 1,200 | 1951 East Rift Valley earthquakes | November 24 |
1952 | 9.0 | Soviet Union, Kamchatka | 21.6 | XI | The death toll from this earthquake and resulting tsunami may be as high as 17,000. | 2,336 | 0 | 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake | November 4 |
1953 | 7.9 | Japan, Yokohama | 25.0 | V | – | 1 | 0 | [12] | November 25 |
1954 | 7.8 | Spain, Andalusia | 626.2 | IV | – | 0 | 0 | [13] | March 29 |
1955 | 7.5 | New Zealand, Kermadec Islands | 15.0 | I | – | 0 | 0 | [14] | February 27 |
1956 | 7.7 | Greece, Dodecanese Islands | 20.0 | IX | The earthquake triggered a 30 m (98 ft) high tsunami. | 56 | 0 | 1956 Amorgos earthquake | July 9 |
1957 | 8.6–9.1 | United States, Aleutian Islands, Alaska | 25.0 | VIII | A 10 meter high tsunami led to most of the damage. | 2 | 0 | 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake | March 9 |
1958 | 8.3 | Soviet Union, Kuril Islands | 35.0 | X | A tsunami up to 5 m (16 ft) high caused most of the damage. | 0 | 51 | 1958 Kuril Islands earthquake | November 6 |
1959 | 7.9 | Soviet Union, Kamchatka | 55.0 | VIII | A tsunami up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high occurred in the Aleutian Islands. | 1 | 13 | 1959 Kamchatka earthquake | May 4 |
1960 | 9.5 | Chile, Valdivia | 25.0 | XII | This is the most powerful earthquake recorded since 1900. A tsunami up to 25 m (82 ft) high occurred. | 6,000 | 11,000 | 1960 Valdivia earthquake | May 22 |
1961 | 7.6 | Peru, Madre de Dios Region | 612.2 | IV | – | 0 | 0 | [15] | August 19 |
1962 | 7.5 | Fiji offshore | 390.0 | I | – | 0 | 0 | [16] | May 21 |
1963 | 8.5 | Soviet Union, Kuril Islands | 35.0 | IX | – | 0 | 0 | 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake | October 13 |
1964 | 9.1–9.2 | Alaska, Prince William Sound | 25.0 | XI | Most of the deaths were caused by a tsunami, which was the largest earthquake-produced tsunami ever recorded at a height of 67.0 m (219.8 ft). This is the second most powerful earthquake in modern times and the most powerful in North America. | 131 | 0 | 1964 Alaska earthquake | March 27 |
1965 | 8.7 | Alaska, Aleutian Islands | 30.3 | VI[17] | A tsunami up to 10.7 m (35 ft) occurred, but caused little damage. This is the second most powerful earthquake in Alaska and the United States as a whole. | 0 | 0 | 1965 Rat Islands earthquake | February 3 |
1966 | 8.1 | Peru, Arequipa | 38.0 | IX | A 3.4 m (11 ft) high tsunami occurred. | 125 | 3,000 | 1966 Peru earthquake | October 17 |
1967 | 7.4 | Turkey, Sakarya Province | 30.0 | X | – | 86 | 0 | 1967 Mudurnu earthquake | July 22 |
1968 | 8.3 | Japan, Hokkaidō | 26.0 | VIII | A majority of the casualties were from a 6 m (20 ft) high tsunami. | 52 | 330 | 1968 Tokachi earthquake | May 16 |
1969 | 8.2 | Soviet Union, Kuril Islands | 30.0 | VIII | – | 0 | 0 | [18] | August 11 |
1970 | 8.0 | Colombia, Amazonas Department | 644.8 | IV | This was one of the most powerful deep-focus earthquakes ever recorded. | 1 | 4 | 1970 Colombia earthquake | July 31 |
1971 | 8.1 | Papua New Guinea, Kokopo | 37.0 | IX | An 8.0 event occurred 12 days earlier.[19] | 3 | 5 | 1971 Solomon Islands earthquakes | July 26 |
1972 | 8.0 | Philippines, Mindanao | 60.0 | VII | – | 0 | 0 | [20] | December 2 |
1973 | 7.8 | Japan, Hokkaidō | 43.3 | VIII | A 5.98 m (19.6 ft) high tsunami occurred. | 0 | 27 | 1973 Nemuro earthquake | June 17 |
1974 | 8.1 | Peru, Lima | 13.0 | IX | Severe damage in the Lima area. | 78 | 2,400 | 1974 Lima earthquake | October 3 |
1975 | 7.9 | north Atlantic Ocean | 33.0 | VI | Some damage was reported in Madeira, Portugal.[21] The tsunami measured 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in). | 0 | 0 | 1975 North Atlantic earthquake | May 26 |
Papua New Guinea, Bougainville Island | 49.0 | VIII | A 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tsunami destroyed a few homes. | 0 | 0 | [22] | July 20 | ||
1976 | 8.0 | Philippines, Moro Gulf | 33.0 | VIII | Further casualties from a 9 m (30 ft) tsunami. | 8,000 | 10,000 | 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake | August 17 |
New Zealand, Kermadec Islands offshore | 33.0 | VII | Some damage was reported in Raoul Island.[23] | 0 | 0 | [24] | August 17 | ||
1977 | 8.3 | Indonesia, Bima | 25.0 | VI | The earthquake was felt as far away as Albany in Australia. The tsunami measured 5.8 m (19 ft). | 189 | 1,100 | 1977 Sumba earthquake | August 19 |
1978 | 7.7 | Japan, Miyagi | 44.0 | VIII | 6,757 buildings destroyed or badly damaged. The earthquake also triggered a 60 cm (2.0 ft) tsunami. | 28 | 1,325 | 1978 Miyagi earthquake | June 12 |
1979 | 8.2 | Colombia, Nariño offshore Ecuador, Esmeraldas offshore |
24.0 | IX | A tsunami up to 6 m (20 ft) high was triggered.[citation needed] | 600 | 0 | 1979 Tumaco earthquake | December 12 |
1980 | 7.9 | Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz Islands | 33.0 | VI | – | 0 | 0 | [25] | July 17 |
1981 | 7.7 | Samoa, Apia | 25.0 | VI | One person drowned in a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tsunami. | 1[26] | 0 | [27] | September 1 |
1982 | 7.3 | El Salvador, Offshore | 73.0 | VII | – | 43 | 0 | 1982 El Salvador earthquake | June 19 |
1983 | 7.6 | Papua New Guinea, New Ireland | 88.8 | VII | In areas close to the epicentre, landslides occurred and trees were uprooted, and a 25 cm (0.82 ft) tsunami was observed. | 0 | 0 | [28] | March 18 |
1984 | 7.6 | Solomon Islands, Honiara | 18.1 | VIII | Some landslides occurred. | 0 | 0 | [29] | February 7 |
1985 | 8.0 | Mexico, Mexico City | 27.9 | IX | At least 3,536 buildings damaged or destroyed. A 3.0 m (9.8 ft) tsunami was observed on the Mexican coast, although some estimates put the height at 30 m (98 ft)[30] | 10,000 | 30,000 | 1985 Mexico City earthquake | September 19 |
1986 | 8.0 | United States, Aleutian Islands, Alaska | 19.0 | VII | Minor damage was reported in areas near the epicenter. A 10 ft (3.0 m) tsunami struck Hawaii, more than 4,000 km (2,500 mi) away.[31] | 0 | 0 | [32] | May 7 |
1987 | 7.9 | United States, Gulf of Alaska | 10.0 | VI | Minor damage near the epicentre and a small tsunami was observed. | 0 | 0 | [33] | November 30 |
1988 | 7.7 | Myanmar–China border region | 17.8 | X | Some damage was also reported in Myanmar and Thailand. | 938 | 7,700 | 1988 Lancang–Gengma earthquakes | November 6 |
1989 | 8.0 | Australia, Macquarie Island | 10.0 | V | – | 0 | 0 | [34] | May 23 |
1990 | 7.8 | Philippines, Luzon | 24.4 | IX | – | 1,621 | 3,000 | 1990 Luzon earthquake | July 16 |
1991 | 7.7 | Costa Rica, Limón | 10.0 | IX | A 4 m (13 ft) tsunami was observed. | 127 | 759 | 1991 Limon earthquake | April 22 |
1992 | 7.8 | Indonesia, Sunda Islands | 23.5 | VIII | A 25 m (82 ft) tsunami occurred. | 2,500 | 0 | 1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami | December 12 |
1993 | 7.8 | Guam, Offshore | 59.3 | IX | 71 people were injured and a 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) tsunami was observed. | 0 | 71 | 1993 Guam earthquake | August 8 |
1994 | 8.3 | Russia, Kuril Islands | 3.0 | IX | A 3.5 m (11 ft) tsunami was observed. | 12 | 1,742 | 1994 Kuril Islands earthquake | October 5 |
1995 | 8.0 | Chile, Antofagasta | 30.5 | VII | – | 3 | 59 | 1995 Antofagasta earthquake | July 30 |
1996 | 8.2 | Indonesia, Biak | 11.5 | VIII | A 7 m (23 ft) tsunami occurred. | 166 | 423 | 1996 Biak earthquake | February 17 |
1997 | 7.7 | Russia, Kamchatka Peninsula | 23.5 | VIII | An 8.2 m (27 ft) tsunami was observed. | 0 | 0 | 1997 Kamchatka earthquake | December 5 |
1998 | 8.1 | Antarctica, Balleny Islands | 10.0 | – | Believed to be the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in this area to date. | 0 | 0 | 1998 Balleny Islands earthquake | March 25 |
1999 | 7.7 | Taiwan, Nantou County | 15.5 | IX | At least 105,479 buildings damaged or destroyed. | 2,444 | 11,305 | 1999 Jiji earthquake | September 21 |
2000 | 8.0 | Papua New Guinea, New Ireland | 13.0 | VII | One person killed in a landslide, another from a heart attack. Two 7.8 Mw aftershocks occurred the following day. | 2 | 0 | 2000 New Ireland earthquakes | November 16 |
2001 | 8.4 | Peru, Arequipa | 33.0 | VIII | At least 90 drowned in a 7 m (23 ft) tsunami. | 145 | 2,713 | 2001 southern Peru earthquake | June 23 |
2002 | 7.9 | United States, Alaska | 4.2 | IX | It is the largest earthquake in Alaska in 16 years. | 0 | 1 | 2002 Denali earthquake | November 3 |
2003 | 8.3 | Japan, Hokkaidō | 23.5 | IX | Two missing. A 4 m (13 ft) tsunami observed. | 0 | 849 | 2003 Tokachi earthquake | September 26 |
2004 | 9.2–9.3 | Indonesia, Sumatra | 10.0 | IX | Majority of the deaths associated a tsunami that devastated parts of Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa. The tsunami measured 51 m (167 ft) in Banda Aceh. | 227,898 | 125,000 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | December 26 |
2005 | 8.6 | Indonesia, Simeulue | 21.0 | IX | Ten fatalities in Sri Lanka due to evacuations. A 3 m (9.8 ft) tsunami damaged an airport. | 1313 | 300 | 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake | March 28 |
2006 | 8.3 | Russia, Kuril Islands | 10.0 | VI | 1 person injured when a tsunami struck with heights of 15 m (49 ft). | 0 | 1 | 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake | November 15 |
2007 | 8.4 | Indonesia, Sumatra | 34.0 | VIII | A 3 m (9.8 ft) tsunami observed. | 23 | 0 | September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes | September 12 |
2008 | 7.9 | China, Sichuan | 19.0 | XI | – | 87,587 | 374,177 | 2008 Sichuan earthquake | May 12 |
2009 | 8.1 | Samoa, Offshore | 18.0 | VII | A tsunami up to 14 m (46 ft) struck the Samoan coast. | 189 | 7 | 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami | September 29 |
2010 | 8.8 | Chile, Concepción | 22.9 | IX | A 10 m (33 ft) tsunami struck the Chilean coast. | 550 | 12,000 | 2010 Chile earthquake | February 27 |
2011 | 9.0–9.1 | Japan, Honshu | 29.0 | IX | A tsunami up to 40.5 m (133 ft) struck the Tohoku coast. | 19,747 | 6,000 | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami | March 11 |
2012 | 8.6 | Indonesia, Indian Ocean | 20.0 | VII | An 8.2 Mw aftershock occurred a few hours later. | 10 | 12 | 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes | April 11 |
2013 | 8.3 | Russia, Sea of Okhotsk | 598.1 | VI | Felt as far away as Moscow. | 0 | 0 | 2013 Okhotsk Sea earthquake | May 24 |
2014 | 8.2 | Chile, Iquique | 25.0 | VIII | – | 6 | 9 | 2014 Iquique earthquake | April 1 |
2015 | 8.3 | Chile, Coquimbo | 22.4 | IX | – | 21 | 34 | 2015 Illapel earthquake | September 16 |
2016 | 7.9 | Papua New Guinea, New Ireland | 94.5 | VII | – | 0 | 0 | 2016 Solomon Islands earthquakes#December 17 earthquake | December 17 |
2017 | 8.2 | Mexico, Chiapas | 47.4 | IX | – | 98 | 250 | 2017 Chiapas earthquake | September 7 |
2018 | 8.2 | Fiji, Offshore | 600.0 | V | – | 0 | 0 | 2018 Fiji earthquake | August 19 |
2019 | 8.0 | Peru, Loreto | 122.6 | VIII | – | 2 | 0 | 2019 Peru earthquake | May 26 |
2020 | 7.8 | United States, Alaska Peninsula offshore | 28.0 | VII | Foreshock to the 8.2 in 2021, along with an event in October. | 0 | 0 | July 2020 Alaska Peninsula earthquake | July 22 |
2021 | 8.2 | United States, Alaska Peninsula offshore | 32.2 | VII | This is the largest earthquake in the United States since 1965. | 0 | 0 | 2021 Chignik earthquake | July 28 |
2022 | 7.6 | Papua New Guinea, Morobe | 61.4 | VIII | Extensive damage. Felt as far away as Indonesia. | 21 | 42 | 2022 Papua New Guinea earthquake | September 11 |
Mexico, Michoacán | 25.5 | VIII | Extensive damage. Felt as far away as Mexico City. A magnitude 6.8 aftershock two days later caused three additional fatalities. | 2 | 35 | 2022 Michoacán earthquake | September 19 | ||
2023 | 7.8 | Turkey, Southeastern Anatolia | 17.9 | XII | Felt as far as Beirut; another 7.7 Mw earthquake followed hours after. | 59,488–62,013 | 121,704 | 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake | February 6 |
2024 | 7.5 | Japan, Ishikawa | 10.0 | X | Deadliest in Japan since 2016. | 260 | 1,311 | 2024 Noto earthquake | January 1 |
Largest earthquakes by magnitude[edit]
51 earthquakes with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 or higher have occurred since 1800 BCE. For those which occurred before the development and deployment of seismographs – starting around 1900 – magnitudes are estimated from historical reports of the extent and severity of damage.[36]
Rank | Date | Location | Event | Magnitude |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1800 BCE | North Chile | 1800 BCE northern Chile earthquake | 9.5 (est.)[37] |
2 | May 22, 1960 | Valdivia, Chile | 1960 Valdivia earthquake | 9.4–9.6 |
3 | June 11, 1585 | Pacific Ocean, Aleutian Islands (now Alaska, United States) | 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake | 9.25 (est.) |
4 | December 26, 2004 | Sumatra, Indonesia | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake | 9.2–9.3[38][39] |
5 | March 27, 1964 | Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States | 1964 Alaska earthquake | 9.1–9.2[40] |
6 | July 8, 1730 | Valparaiso, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) | 1730 Valparaíso earthquake | 9.1–9.3 (est.)[41] |
7 | March 11, 2011 | Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake | 9.0–9.1[42][43] |
8 | October 17, 1737 | Kamchatka Peninsula, Russian Empire | 1737 Kamchatka earthquake | 9.0–9.3 (est.) |
9 | November 17, 1837 | Valdivia, Chile | 1837 Valdivia earthquake | 8.8–9.5 (est.)[44] |
10 | December 16, 1575 | Valdivia, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) | 1575 Valdivia earthquake | 9.0 (est.) |
11 | November 24, 1604 | Arica, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) | 1604 Arica earthquake | 9.0 (est.) |
12 | October 28, 1707 | Pacific Ocean, Shikoku region, Japan | 1707 Hōei earthquake | 8.7–9.3 (est.) [45] |
13 | November 25, 1833 | Sumatra, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) | 1833 Sumatra earthquake | 8.8–9.2 (est.) |
14 | May 17, 1841 | Kamchatka, Russian Empire | 1841 Kamchatka earthquake | 9.0 (est.) |
15 | November 4, 1952 | Kamchatka, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union | 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake | 9.0 |
16 | January 26, 1700 | Pacific Ocean, US and Canada (then claimed by the Spanish Empire and the British Empire) | 1700 Cascadia earthquake | 8.7–9.2 (est.) |
17 | August 13, 1868 | Arica, Chile (then Peru) | 1868 Arica earthquake | 8.5–9.3 (est.) |
18 | March 9, 1957 | Andreanof Islands, Alaska, United States | 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake | 8.6–9.1 |
19 | July 13, 869 | Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan | 869 Jōgan earthquake | 8.6–9.0 (est.) |
20 | November 26, 1852 | Banda Islands, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) | 1852 Banda Sea earthquake | 8.8 (est.)[46] |
21 | May 9, 1877 | Iquique, Chile (then Peru) | 1877 Iquique earthquake | 8.7–8.9 (est.) |
22 | January 31, 1906 | Ecuador – Colombia | 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake | 8.8 |
23 | February 27, 2010 | Maule, Chile | 2010 Chile earthquake | 8.8 |
24 | November 1, 1755 | Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal | 1755 Lisbon earthquake | 8.5–9.0 (est.) |
25 | October 20, 1687 | Lima, Peru (then part of the Spanish Empire) | 1687 Peru earthquake | 8.7 (est.) |
26 | October 28, 1746 | 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake | 8.6–8.8 (est.) | |
27 | February 3, 1965 | Rat Islands, Alaska, United States | 1965 Rat Islands earthquake | 8.7 |
28 | April 2, 1762 | Chittagong, Bangladesh (then Kingdom of Mrauk U) | 1762 Arakan earthquake | 8.5–8.8 (est.) |
29 | September 20, 1498 | Pacific Ocean, Chūbu region, Japan | 1498 Meiō earthquake | 8.6 (est.) |
30 | March 28, 1787 | Oaxaca, Mexico (then part of the Spanish Empire) | 1787 New Spain earthquake | 8.6 (est.) |
31 | February 2, 1816 | Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal | 1816 North Atlantic earthquake | 8.6 (est.) |
32 | April 1, 1946 | Aleutian Islands, Alaska, United States | 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake | 8.6 |
33 | August 15, 1950 | Assam, India – Tibet, China | 1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake | 8.6 |
34 | March 28, 2005 | Sumatra, Indonesia | 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake | 8.6 |
35 | April 11, 2012 | Sumatra, Indonesia | 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes | 8.6 |
36 | November 10, 1922 | Atacama, Chile | 1922 Vallenar earthquake | 8.5–8.6 |
37 | February 1, 1938 | Banda Sea, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) | 1938 Banda Sea earthquake | 8.5–8.6 |
38 | July 21, 365 | Mediterranean Sea, Crete, Greece | 365 Crete earthquake | 8.5+ (est.) |
39 | August 24, 1356 | Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal | 1356 Lisbon earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
40 | June 6, 1505 | Himalayas, northern Nepal | 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake | 8.2–8.8 (est.) |
41 | May 13, 1647 | Santiago, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) | 1647 Santiago earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
42 | July 25, 1668 | Shandong, China | 1668 Shandong earthquake | 8.5 (est.)[47] |
43 | May 24, 1751 | Concepción, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire) | 1751 Concepción earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
44 | March 31, 1761 | Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal | 1761 Lisbon earthquake | 8.5 (est.)[48] |
45 | April 4, 1819 | Copiapó, Chile | 1819 Copiapó earthquake | 8.5 (est.)[44] |
46 | November 19, 1822 | Valparaíso, Chile | 1822 Valparaíso earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
47 | February 20, 1835 | Concepción, Chile | 1835 Concepción earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
48 | February 8, 1843 | Guadeloupe region, Lesser Antilles | 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake | 8.5 (est.)[49] |
49 | February 16, 1861 | Sumatra, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies) | 1861 Sumatra earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
50 | June 15, 1896 | Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Empire of Japan | 1896 Sanriku earthquake | 8.5 (est.) |
51 | October 13, 1963 | Kuril Islands, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union | 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake | 8.5 |
Century | Number of magnitude ≥8.5 |
---|---|
1800 BC–1600 | 8 |
1601–1700 | 5 |
1701–1800 | 9 |
1801–1900 | 13 |
1901–2000 | 11 |
2001–present | 5 |
Total | 51 |
Historical records are known to be incomplete. Earthquakes that occurred in remote areas prior to the advent of modern instrumentation in the early to mid 1900s were not well-reported, and exact locations and magnitudes of such events are often unknown. Therefore, the apparent increase in large earthquake frequency over the last few centuries is unlikely to be accurate, with the better interpretation that, had the list been more complete, then a dozen or so per century would be average.
Largest earthquakes by country/territory[edit]
- This list is a work in progress. Information is likely to be changed.
- The list refers to current country boundaries rather than those at the date of the earthquake.
- Please note, multiple countries could have the same earthquake listed, such as the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake being listed for both Ecuador and Colombia.
- Unless otherwise noted, magnitudes are reported on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw).
Costliest earthquakes[edit]
This is the top ten major earthquakes by the dollar value of property (public and private) losses directly attributable to the earthquake.
Rank | Event | Location | Magnitude | Property damage |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami | Japan | 9.1 | $360 billion[161][162] |
2 | 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake | Japan | 6.9 | $200 billion[163] |
3 | 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes | Turkey Syria |
7.8 | $163.6 billion[164][165] |
4 | 2008 Sichuan earthquake | China | 7.9 | $150 billion[166] |
5 | 2011 Christchurch earthquake | New Zealand | 6.3 | $40 billion[167] |
6 | 2004 Chūetsu earthquake | Japan | 6.6 | $28 billion[168][169] |
7 | 2011 Sikkim earthquake | India | 6.9 | $22.3 billion[170] |
8 | 1999 İzmit earthquake | Turkey | 7.6 | $20 billion[168] |
9 | 2009 L'Aquila earthquake | Italy | 6.3 | $16 billion[171] |
10 | 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes | Italy | 6.1 | $15.8 billion[172] |
Deadliest earthquakes[edit]
The following is a summary list of earthquakes with over approximately 100,000 deaths:
Rank | Event | Date | Location | Fatalities | Magnitude | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1556 Shaanxi earthquake | January 23, 1556 | Shaanxi, China | 100,000 (direct toll from quake), 820,000–830,000 (highest possible estimated death toll)[174] | 8.0 | Estimated death toll in Shaanxi, China |
2 | 1976 Tangshan earthquake | July 28, 1976 | Hebei, China | 242,769–700,000+[175][176][177] | 7.8 | |
3 | 1920 Haiyuan earthquake | December 16, 1920 | Ningxia–Gansu, China | 273,400[175][178] | 7.8 | Major fractures, landslides. |
4 | 526 Antioch earthquake | May 21, 526 | Antioch, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Turkey) | 250,000[179] | 7.0[180] | Procopius (II.14.6), sources based on John of Ephesus. |
5 | 1139 Ganja earthquake | September 30, 1139 | Ganja, Seljuk Empire (modern-day Azerbaijan) | 230,000–300,000[181] | 7.0 Mw | Death toll may have been a historical conflation with earthquakes on November 1137 in the Jazira plain and the 1138 Aleppo earthquake. |
6 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami | December 26, 2004 | Sumatra, Indonesia | 227,898 | 9.1–9.3 | Became the deadliest tsunami on record, causing nearly 230,000 deaths from the earthquake and resulting tsunami across 14 countries. |
7 | 1138 Aleppo earthquake | October 11, 1138 | Aleppo, Seljuk Empire (modern-day Syria) | 130,000–230,000[182] | 7.1[182] | The figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and on September 30, 1139, in the Azerbaijani city of Ganja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.[183] |
8 | 2010 Haiti earthquake | January 12, 2010 | Haiti | 100,000–316,000 (estimates) | 7.0 | Estimates vary from 316,000 (Haitian government) to 222,570 (UN OCHA estimate)[184] to 158,000 (Medicine, Conflict and Survival) to between 85,000 and 46,000 (report commissioned by USAID).[185][186] |
9 | 1303 Hongdong earthquake | July 25, 1303 | Shanxi, Yuan dynasty (modern-day China) | 200,000[187] | 8.0 | Taiyuan and Pingyang were leveled. |
10 | 856 Damghan earthquake | December 22, 856 | Damghan, Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Iran) | 200,000 | 7.9 Ms | |
11 | 893 Ardabil earthquake | March 22, 893 | Ardabil, Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Iran) | 150,000 | Unknown | Reports probably relate to the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin, 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'.[188] This is regarded as a 'fake earthquake'.[189] |
12 | 533 Aleppo earthquake | November 29, 533 | Aleppo, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Syria) | 130,000[190] | Unknown | |
13 | 1908 Messina earthquake | December 28, 1908 | Messina, Italy | 123,000[191] | 7.1 | The ground shook for 30 to 40 seconds around 5:20 am, and destruction occurred within a 300 km radius. 91% of structures in Messina were destroyed and ≈70,000 residents died. Rescuers searched for weeks, and whole families were pulled out alive days later. A 40-foot (12 m) tsunami struck nearby coasts. Reggio Calabria on the Italian mainland also suffered heavy damage. |
14 | 1948 Ashgabat earthquake | October 6, 1948 | Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR (modern-day Turkmenistan) | 10,000–110,000 | 7.3 Ms | |
15 | 1923 Great Kantō earthquake | September 1, 1923 | Kantō region, Japan | 105,385[192] | 7.9 | This earthquake with an epicenter beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay, shook the Kantō plain on the Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58 am. Shaking duration reported between 4 and 10 minutes, devastating Tokyo, Yokohama, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka.[193] Shaking slid the 93-ton Great Buddha statue at Kamakura almost 2 feet (0.61 m) forward. Casualty estimates range from 100,000 to 142,800, the latter figure including ≈40,000 missing later presumed dead. |
16 | 1290 Zhili earthquake | September 27, 1290 | Ningcheng, Yuan dynasty (modern-day China) | 100,000[194] | 6.8 Ms |
Most studied earthquakes[edit]
The 50 most studied earthquakes according to the International Seismological Centre (ISC), based on a count of scientific papers (mostly in English) that discuss that earthquake. The "Event #" is linked to the ISC Event Bibliography for that event.
Rank | Event origin time | ISC Event # | Papers | ISC code | Event |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2011-03-11 05:46:23 | 16461282 | 1992 | TOHOKU2011 | 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami |
2 | 2008-05-12 06:28:00 | 13228121 | 1641 | WENCHUAN2008 | 2008 Sichuan earthquake |
3 | 2004-12-26 00:58:52 | 7453151 | 948 | SUMATRA2004 | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami |
4 | 1999-09-20 17:47:16 | 1718616 | 753 | CHI-CHI1999 | 1999 Jiji earthquake |
5 | 1995-01-16 20:46:51 | 124708 | 536 | SHYOGO1995 | Great Hanshin earthquake |
6 | 1994-01-17 12:30:54 | 189275 | 530 | NORTHRIDGE1994 | 1994 Northridge earthquake |
7 | 2010-02-27 06:34:13 | 14340585 | 515 | MAULE2010 | 2010 Chile earthquake |
8 | 2009-04-06 01:32:42 | 13438018 | 511 | LAQUILA2009 | 2009 L'Aquila earthquake |
9 | 1989-10-18 00:04:14 | 389808 | 508 | LOMAPRIETA1989 | 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake |
10 | 2015-04-25 06:11:26 | 607208674 | 488 | GORKHA2015 | April 2015 Nepal earthquake |
11 | 1992-06-28 11:57:35 | 289086 | 429 | LANDERS1992 | 1992 Landers earthquake |
12 | 1999-08-17 00:01:38 | 1655218 | 415 | IZMIT1999 | 1999 İzmit earthquake |
13 | 2016-04-15 16:25:06 | 610289055 | 339 | KUMAMOTO2016 | 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes |
14 | 1964-03-28 03:36:13 | 869809 | 327 | ALASKA1964 | 1964 Alaska earthquake |
15 | 2013-04-20 00:02:47 | 607304721 | 307 | LUSHAN2013 | 2013 Lushan earthquake |
16 | 1960-05-22 19:11:20 | 879136 | 280 | VALDIVIA1960 | 1960 Valdivia earthquake |
17 | 2010-09-03 16:35:46 | 15155483 | 251 | DARFIELD2010 | 2010 Canterbury earthquake |
18 | 2001-01-26 03:16:40 | 1763683 | 251 | BHUJ2001 | 2001 Gujarat earthquake |
19 | 1985-09-19 13:17:50 | 516095 | 249 | MEXICOCITY1985 | 1985 Mexico City earthquake |
20 | 2016-08-24 01:36:33 | 611462212 | 248 | AMATRICE2016 | August 2016 Central Italy earthquake |
21 | 1971-02-09 14:00:40 | 787038 | 241 | SANFERNANDO1971 | 1971 San Fernando earthquake |
22 | 1976-07-27 19:42:53 | 711732 | 232 | TANGSHAN1976 | 1976 Tangshan earthquake |
23 | 2016-11-13 11:02:59 | 615035032 | 228 | KAIKOURA2016 | 2016 Kaikōura earthquake |
24 | 2003-09-25 19:50:07 | 7134409 | 221 | TOKACHI-OKI2003 | 2003 Tokachi earthquake |
25 | 1980-11-23 18:34:52 | 635924 | 210 | IRPINIA1980 | 1980 Irpinia earthquake |
26 | 2004-10-23 08:55:58 | 7421058 | 203 | MID-NIIGATA2004 | 2004 Chūetsu earthquake |
27 | 1976-05-06 20:00:12 | 713583 | 198 | FRIULI1976 | 1976 Friuli earthquake |
28 | 2012-05-20 02:03:53 | 601025379 | 197 | EMILIA2012A | 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes |
29 | 2011-02-21 23:51:42 | 16168897 | 197 | CHRISTCHURCH2011A | 2011 Christchurch earthquake |
30 | 2019-07-06 03:19:55 | 616203758 | 194 | RIDGECREST2019B | 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes |
31 | 2005-03-28 16:09:35 | 7486110 | 192 | NIAS2005 | 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake |
32 | 2004-09-28 17:15:24 | 7406045 | 191 | PARKFIELD2004 | Parkfield earthquake |
33 | 2016-10-30 06:40:19 | 609624987 | 183 | NORCIA2016 | October 2016 Central Italy earthquakes |
34 | 1999-10-16 09:46:45 | 1643776 | 179 | HECTOR-MINE1999 | 1999 Hector Mine earthquake |
35 | 2005-10-08 03:50:37 | 7703077 | 171 | KASHMIR2005 | 2005 Kashmir earthquake |
36 | 2001-11-14 09:26:12 | 2331800 | 170 | KUNLUN2001 | 2001 Kunlun earthquake |
37 | 1923-09-01 02:58:35 | 911526 | 170 | KANTO1923 | 1923 Great Kantō earthquake |
38 | 2022-01-15 04:14:45 | 621831271 | 169 | HUNGATONGAHUNGAAPAI2022 | 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami |
39 | 1979-10-15 23:16:57 | 657282 | 163 | IMPERIAL1979 | 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake |
40 | 2015-09-16 22:54:30 | 611531714 | 161 | ILLAPEL2015 | 2015 Illapel earthquake |
41 | 2002-11-03 22:12:41 | 6123395 | 160 | DENALI2002 | 2002 Denali earthquake |
42 | 1999-11-12 16:57:19 | 1650092 | 159 | DUZCE1999 | 1999 Düzce earthquake |
43 | 2014-04-01 23:46:47 | 610102185 | 154 | IQUIQUE2014 | 2014 Iquique earthquake |
44 | 2010-01-12 21:53:10 | 14226221 | 153 | HAITI2010 | 2010 Haiti earthquake |
45 | 2017-08-08 13:19:49 | 610874246 | 151 | JUIZHAIGOU2017 | 2017 Jinghe earthquake |
46 | 1988-12-07 07:41:24 | 417441 | 151 | ARMENIA1988 | 1988 Armenian earthquake |
47 | 2019-07-04 17:33:50 | 616217956 | 150 | RIDGECREST2019A | 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes |
48 | 2003-12-26 01:56:53 | 7217667 | 145 | BAM2003 | 2003 Bam earthquake |
49 | 2010-04-04 22:40:43 | 600257057 | 145 | EL-MAYOR-CUCAPAH2010 | 2010 Baja California earthquake |
50 | 2012-05-29 07:00:04 | 605482196 | 144 | EMILIA2012B | 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes |
modified from figure 2, "The most studied events", at the ISC's Overview of the ISC Event Bibliography.
International Seismological Centre. Event Bibliography. Thatcham, United Kingdom. 2018.
See also[edit]
- List of deadly earthquakes since 1900
- List of historical earthquakes
- List of natural disasters by death toll
- List of megathrust earthquakes
References[edit]
- ^ Earthquakelist (2023). "Top 100 countries with most earthquakes". Netherlands: Earthquakelist.
- ^ "22 Mayıs 1971 Bingöl Depremi Ms:6.8". AFAD (in Turkish). Retrieved April 5, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.8 – 32 km E of Uttark?shi, India". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved March 28, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Today in Earthquake History". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved March 27, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "M 7.9 – 103 km S of Bengkulu, Indonesia". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
- ^ ANSS. "M 6.3 - 10 km E of Pundong, Indonesia 2006usp000ej1c". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ "M 7.6 – 30 km WSW of Pariaman, Indonesia". earthquake.usgs.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.8 – 27 km SSE of Muisne, Ecuador". U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.8 – southern Qinghai, China". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
- ^ "M 8.1 – 68 km SSW of Gorontalo, Indonesia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
- ^ "M 7.6 – 138 km SW of Insrom, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey. May 27, 1947. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.9 – off the east coast of Honshu, Japan". United States Geological Survey. November 25, 1953. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
- ^ "M 7.8 – Strait of Gibraltar". United States Geological Survey. March 29, 1954. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
- ^ "M 7.5 – Kermadec Islands region". United States Geological Survey. February 27, 1955. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
- ^ "M 7.6 – Peru-Brazil border region". United States Geological Survey. August 19, 1961. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ "M 7.5 – Fiji region". United States Geological Survey. May 21, 1962. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ "M 8.7 – Rat Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. February 4, 1965. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ "M 8.2 – Kuril Islands". United States Geological Survey. August 11, 1969. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
- ^ "M 8.0 – New Ireland region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. July 14, 1971. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
- ^ "M 8.0 – Mindanao, Philippines". United States Geological Survey. December 2, 1972. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
- ^ "Significant Earthquake: KERMADEC ISLANDS". National Geophysical Data Center. May 26, 1975. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.9 – Bougainville region, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. July 20, 1975. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
- ^ "Significant Earthquake: KERMADEC ISLANDS". National Geophysical Data Center. January 14, 1976. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
- ^ "M 8.0 – Kermadec Islands region". United States Geological Survey. January 14, 1976. Retrieved August 5, 2017.
- ^ "M 7.9 – 199 km S of Lata, Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey. July 17, 1980. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
- ^ "Tsunami Event: SAMOA ISLANDS". National Geophysical Data Center. September 1, 1981. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
- ^ "M 7.7 – 133 km NE of Hihifo, Tonga". United States Geological Survey. September 1, 1981. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
- ^ "M 7.6 – 157 km ESE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea". United States Geological Survey. March 18, 1983. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
- ^ "M 7.6 – 85 km SE of Honiara, Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey.
- ^ "M 8.0 – 26 km NW of El Habillal, Mexico". United States Geological Survey.
- ^ "Major earthquake Strikes Alaska, Tsunami Strikes Hawaii". The Washington Post. May 7, 1986.
- ^ "M 8.0 – 85 km SSW of Atka, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. May 7, 1986.
- ^ "M 7.9 – 200km WSW of Yakutat, Alaska". United States Geological Survey. November 30, 1987.
- ^ "M 8.0, Macquarie Island region". United States Geological Survey. May 23, 1989.
- ^ "Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900". usgs.gov. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016.
- ^ Johnston, Arch C.; Halchuk, Stephen (June–July 1993), "The seismicity data base for the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program", Annali di Geofisica, 36 (3–4): 133–151, pp. 140, 142 et seq.
- ^ Salazar, Diego; Easton, Gabriel; Goff, James; Guendon, Jean L.; González-Alfaro, José; Andrade, Pedro; Villagrán, Ximena; Fuentes, Mauricio; León, Tomás; Abad, Manuel; Izquierdo, Tatiana; Power, Ximena; Sitzia, Luca; Álvarez, Gabriel; Villalobos, Angelo (April 8, 2022). "Did a 3800-year-old M w ~9.5 earthquake trigger major social disruption in the Atacama Desert?". Science Advances. 8 (14). Bibcode:2022SciA....8M2996S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abm2996. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 8985920. PMID 35385303.
- ^ Stein, Seth; Okal, Emile A. (January 1, 2007). "Ultralong Period Seismic Study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Implications for Regional Tectonics and the Subduction Process". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 97 (1A): S279–S295. Bibcode:2007BuSSA..97S.279S. doi:10.1785/0120050617. ISSN 1943-3573.
- ^ Fujii, Yushiro; Satake, Kenji; Watada, Shingo; Ho, Tung-Cheng (December 1, 2021). "Re-examination of Slip Distribution of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake (Mw 9.2) by the Inversion of Tsunami Data Using Green's Functions Corrected for Compressible Seawater Over the Elastic Earth". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 178 (12): 4777–4796. doi:10.1007/s00024-021-02909-6. ISSN 1420-9136.
- ^ Ichinose, Gene; Somerville, Paul; Thio, Hong Kie; Graves, Robert; O'Connell, Dan (2007). "Rupture process of the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska, earthquake from the combined inversion of seismic, tsunami, and geodetic data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B7). Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.7306I. doi:10.1029/2006JB004728. ISSN 0148-0227.
- ^ Carvajal, M.; Cisternas, M.; Catalán, P.A. (2017). "Source of the 1730 Chilean earthquake from historical records: Implications for the future tsunami hazard on the coast of Metropolitan Chile". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 122 (5): 3648–3660. Bibcode:2017JGRB..122.3648C. doi:10.1002/2017JB014063. S2CID 133806784.
- ^ Romano, F.; Piatanesi, A.; Lorito, S.; D'Agostino, N.; Hirata, K.; Atzori, S.; Yamazaki, Y.; Cocco, M. (April 27, 2012). "Clues from joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake". Scientific Reports. 2 (1): 385. Bibcode:2012NatSR...2E.385R. doi:10.1038/srep00385. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3338116. PMID 22545193.
- ^ Wang, Zhen; Kato, Teruyuki; Zhou, Xin; Fukuda, Jun’ichi (November 28, 2016). "Source process with heterogeneous rupture velocity for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake based on 1-Hz GPS data". Earth, Planets and Space. 68 (1): 193. Bibcode:2016EP&S...68..193W. doi:10.1186/s40623-016-0572-4. ISSN 1880-5981.
- ^ a b Jin Junfang; Yin Shuyan; Yan Junping (2014). "Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes in Chile". Geodesy and Geodynamics. 5 (1): 34–40. Bibcode:2014G&G.....5...34J. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034.
- ^ "M 9.3Re-evaluation of Mw of the 1707 Hoei earthquake – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan" (PDF). AIST.
- ^ H. Ringer; J. P. Whitehead; J. Krometis; R. A. Harris; N. Glatt-Holtz; S. Giddens; C. Ashcraft; G. Carver; A. Robertson; M. Harward; J. Fullwood; K. Lightheart; R. Hilton; A. Avery; C. Kesler; M. Morrise; M. H. Klein (2021). "Methodological Reconstruction of Historical Seismic Events From Anecdotal Accounts of Destructive Tsunamis: A Case Study for the Great 1852 Banda Arc Mega-Thrust Earthquake and Tsunami" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 126 (4). arXiv:2009.14272. Bibcode:2021JGRB..12621107R. doi:10.1029/2020JB021107. S2CID 222066748. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ "Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE". NGCD. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
- ^ NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database. "Significant Earthquake Information PORTUGAL: LISBON". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
- ^ Hough S.E. (2013). "Missing great earthquakes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 118 (3): 1098–1108. Bibcode:2013JGRB..118.1098H. doi:10.1002/jgrb.50083. S2CID 128458643.
- ^ "M 7.8 – 71 km SSW of Jurm, Afghanistan". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.7 – Albania". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
- ^ "M 6.4 – 188 km SW of Vailoatai, American Samoa". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.0 – 67 km N of Sumbe, Angola". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.3 – 121 km NNW of The Valley, Anguilla". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ "NCEI Significant Earthquake Information". ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.5 – 171 km NNE of Greenland, Barbados". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.5 – 128 km NE of Bathsheba, Barbados". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "M 4.7 – 55 km ESE of Dangriga, Belize".
- ^ "M 4.4 – 13 km NNE of Abomey-Calavi, Benin". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ Simon, RE; Kwadiba, MTO; King, JG; Moidaki, M (2012). "A History of Botswana's Seismic Network". Botswana Notes and Records. 44: 184–192. JSTOR 43855570.
- ^ M 7.6 – Peru-Brazil border region, USGS
- ^ "M 5.2 – 68 km N of Tutong, Brunei". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "M 5.4 – 20 km S of Gitega, Burundi". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.9 – 93 km NW of Ouésso, Republic of the Congo". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.5 – 267 km NNW of Ponta do Sol, Cabo Verde". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "M 5.2 – 64 km N of Coro, Venezuela". United States Geological Survey.
- ^ "M 4.9 – Central African Republic". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
- ^ "M 7.9 – South Indian Ocean". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
- ^ "M 6.2 – 1 km NNE of Vanadjou, Comoros". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.2 – 116 km SW of Impfondo, Republic of the Congo". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "M 7.1 – 84 km SW of Niquero, Cuba". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
- ^ "M 4.8 – 0 km NW of Skalná, Czechia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.9 – 39 km WSW of Karema, Tanzania". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 4.4 – North Sea (4.4 magnitude earthquake 47 km from Thyborøn, Central Jutland, Denmark)". United States Geological Survey. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016.
- ^ "M 6.5 – Djibouti". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
- ^ "M 6.4 – 18 km SSE of Berekua, Dominica". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.2 – 58 km ENE of Lospalos, Timor Leste". earthquake.usgs.gov. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
- ^ White, R. A.; Ligorria, J. P.; Cifuentes, I. L. (2004). "Seismic history of the Middle America subduction zone along El Salvador, Guatemala, and Chiapas, Mexico: 1526–2000". Natural Hazards in El Salvador. Geological Society of America. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-8137-2375-4.
- ^ "M 4.9 - Equatorial Guinea". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
- ^ "M 6.6 – 144 km NE of Massawa, Eritrea". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ "M 4.4 – 16 km ENE of Sidvokodvo, Eswatini". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.5 – 8 km E of Goba, Ethiopia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ "Largest earthquake in Finland". Sodankylän Geofysiikan Observatorio, Oulun Toimintayksikkö (University of Oulu). Archived from the original on May 28, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
- ^ Marcelo Assumpção, Alberto V. Veloso (2020). "The 1885 M 6.9 Earthquake in the French Guiana–Brazil Border: The Largest Midplate Event in the Nineteenth Century in South America". Seismological Research Letters. 91 (5): 2497–2510. Bibcode:2020SeiRL..91.2497A. doi:10.1785/0220190325. S2CID 219502957.
- ^ "M 5.6 – South Pacific Ocean". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 17, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.2 – Gabon". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
- ^ "M 6.4 – 8 km ENE of Swedru, Ghana". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ "NCEI Significant Earthquake Information". ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.5 – 82 km SSE of Lethem, Guyana". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ "M 3.8 – 14 km SW of Tai O, Hong Kong". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.0 – 79 km N of Norðurþing, Iceland". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ Onur, T.; Gok, R.; Abdulnaby, W.; Mahdi, H.; Numan, N.M.; Al-Shukri, H.; Shakir, A.; Chlaib, H.; Ameen, T.H.; Abd, N. (2016). "A Comprehensive Earthquake Catalogue for Iraq in Terms of Moment Magnitude". Seismological Research Letters. 88 (3): 798–811. doi:10.1785/0220160078. OSTI 1466119.
- ^ "M 4.0 - 60 km W of Belmullet, Ireland". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.4 – 18 km E of Saint Helier, Jersey". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.7 – 33 km WNW of Nyahururu, Kenya". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.9 – Gilbert Islands, Kiribati region". earthquake.usgs.gov.
- ^ "Të gjitha tërmetet që kanë ndodhur në territorin e Kosovës". September 24, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.7 – 44 km S of Al Jahr?', Kuwait". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 4.7 – 38 km NW of Al Wafrah, Kuwait". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.7 – 41 km S of Luang Namtha, Laos". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- ^ "M 4.5 – 16 km SW of Tubmanburg, Liberia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.8 – near the coast of Libya". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 3.6 – 1 km SSW of Balzers, Liechtenstein". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ "M 2.9 – 2 km E of Wilwerwiltz, Luxembourg". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.2 – 283 km WSW of Anakao, Madagascar". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.6 – 26 km NNW of Lahad Datu, Malaysia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.4 – 212 km E of Fuvahmulah, Maldives". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ "M 4.2 – 75 km NW of Kolokani, Mali". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.5 – 109 km SE of Birżebbuġa, Malta". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 5.6 – Marshall Islands region". United States Geological Survey.
- ^ "M 4.6 – Mauritania". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 4.6 – 76 km E of Zouerate, Mauritania". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.1 – 279 km NE of Port Mathurin, Mauritius". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 5.9 – 32 km E of Pamandzi, Mayotte". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 7.8 – State of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
- ^ "M 3.9 – 12 km S of Ocni?a, Moldova". United States Geological Survey. April 2, 1988. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.3 – Ligurian Sea". United States Geological Survey. July 19, 1963. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ "M 5.4 – 68 km NNW of Khorixas, Namibia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
- ^ "7.9 magnitude earthquake near Tadine, Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia : August 09, 1901 13:01". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
- ^ "M 8.2 – Kermadec Islands region". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- ^ "M 4.6 – 259 km WNW of Bilma, Niger". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ "M 4.5 – 34 km S of Siluko, Nigeria". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
- ^ National Earthquake Information Center. "M 6.5 – 61 km SSE of Ungsang-nodongjagu, North Korea". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.7 – 3 km SW of Kuklis, North Macedonia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.7 – Mariana Islands region". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- ^ "M 7.7 – Pagan region, Northern Mariana Islands". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.8 – 89 km NW of Olonkinbyen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ "M 5.7 – 291 km ESE of Sur, Oman". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.4 – 121 km ESE of Kayangel, Palau". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
- ^ "M 8.2 – 183 km ESE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.5 – 86 km E of General Enrique Mosconi, Argentina". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
- ^ Wiejacz, Paweł; Debski, Wojciech (2009). "Podhale, Poland, earthquake of November 30, 2004". Acta Geophysica. 57 (2): 346–366. Bibcode:2009AcGeo..57..346W. doi:10.2478/s11600-009-0007-8. S2CID 128410108.
- ^ "The Largest Earthquakes in Réunion". earthquaketrack.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
- ^ "M 5.4 – 26 km NE of Upper Hell's Gate, Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.5 – 18 km SE of Market Shop, Saint Kitts and Nevis". earthquake.usgs.gov.
- ^ "M 7.3 – Windward Islands". earthquake.usgs.gov.
- ^ "M 5.0 – 13 km ESE of Blowing Point Village, Anguilla". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.1 – 13 km W of Barrouallie, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.5 – 87km ENE of Santo Antonio, Sao Tome and Principe". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 14, 2021.
- ^ "M 5.5 – 289 km W of Mermoz Boabab, Senegal". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.0 – 8 km WNW of Kragujevac, Serbia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.2 – South Indian Ocean". earthquake.usgs.gov.
- ^ "M 6.0 – northwestern Somalia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.8 – 118 km ESE of Richards Bay, South Africa". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.8 – Strait of Gibraltar". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
- ^ "M 5.9 – 275 km E of Kalmunai, Sri Lanka". August 30, 1973.
- ^ "M 6.0 – 70 km SSW of Tok?r, Sudan". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
- ^ "M 4.9 Mine Collapse – 3 km SSE of Kiruna, Sweden". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.0 – 17 km SSW of Sumbawanga, Tanzania". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ "NCEI Significant Earthquake Information". ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
- ^ Kázmér, Miklós (May 19, 2020). "Repeated historical earthquakes in Sousse, Monastir and El-Jem (Tunisia)—an archaeoseismological study" (PDF). Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 14 (3): 214. doi:10.1007/s12517-020-06372-w. S2CID 231738302. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.8 – 290 km N of Kulia Village, Tuvalu". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022. and "M 5.8 – 293 km N of Kulia Village, Tuvalu". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.5 – 53 km N of Rukungiri, Uganda". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
- ^ "M 5.0 – 14 km NW of Reef Al Fujairah City, United Arab Emirates". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 11, 2022.
- ^ "M 8.1 – 97 km WSW of Isangel, Vanuatu". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
- ^ "M 6.8 – 27 km SE of Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
- ^ "M 7.6 – Wallis and Futuna". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- ^ "M 6.7 – 170 km E of Hadibu, Yemen". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 1, 2022.
- ^ "M 6.5 – 12 km WNW of Chama, Zambia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
- ^ "M 5.5 – 38 km SW of Siavonga, Zambia". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
- ^ Zhang, Bo. "Top 5 Most Expensive Natural Disasters in History". AccuWeather.com. News & Video. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- ^ Victoria Kim (March 21, 2011). "Japan damage could reach $235 billion, World Bank estimates". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 31, 2011. Retrieved March 21, 2011.
- ^ Tierney, Kathleen (1997). Emergency response: lessons learned from the Kobe earthquake. University of Delaware Disaster Research Center.
- ^ "Deprem bölgesinde fatura borçlarının silinmesi için süre uzatıldı". Milat Gazetsi. August 22, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
- ^ "Political failure has killed people in Syria before and after the earthquakes". Counsil for Arab-British Understanding. April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ "Four years on: Insurance and the Canterbury Earthquakes" (PDF). Deloitte Access Economics. February 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
- ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ Guha-Sapir, Debarati; Santos, Indhira; Borde, Alexandre (2013). The Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-19-984193-6.
- ^ Santanu Baruah; Sowrav Saikia; Saurabh Baruah; Pabon K. Bora; Ruben Tatevossian; J. R. Kayal (March 19, 2014). "The September 2011 Sikkim Himalaya earthquake Mw 6.9: is it a plane of detachment earthquake?". Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk. 7: 248–263. doi:10.1080/19475705.2014.895963. S2CID 128915677.
- ^ "Italy Quake Reconstruction to Cost at Least $16 Billion". Fox News. April 15, 2009. Archived from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972). "Significant Earthquake Database" (Data Set). National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
- ^ International Association of Engineering Geology International Congress. Proceedings. [1990] (1990). ISBN 90-6191-664-X.[author missing][title missing][page needed] [verification needed]
- ^ a b "Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated". xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2013.
- ^ "Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths". USGS. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
- ^ Theodore S. Glickman. [1993] (1993). Acts of God and Acts of Man. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 1-56806-371-7
- ^ Utsu, T. "Search Page". Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2008). Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ^ Sbeinati, Mohamed Reda; Darawchech, Ryad; Mouty, Mikhail (June 2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." (PDF). Annals of Geophysics. 48 (3): 347–435. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ "Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Grǖnthal G.; Wahlström R. (2009). "A harmonized seismicity data base for the EuroMediterranean region" (PDF). Proceedings of the 27th ECGS Workshop 'Seismicity Patterns in the Euro-Med Region: 15–21.
- ^ Ambraseys, Nicholas N., "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF), Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004, p. 743.
- ^ Haiti Dominates Earthquake Fatalities in 2010 (January 11, 2011), U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Maura R. O'Connor, [Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute], Columbia Journalism Review (January 12, 2012).
- ^ Report challenges Haiti earthquake death toll (June 1, 2011), BBC.
- ^ "china virtual museums_quake". www.kepu.net.cn. Retrieved November 28, 2015.
- ^ Ambraseys, N.N.; Melville, C.P. (2005). A History of Persian Earthquakes. Cambridge Earth Science. Cambridge University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-521-02187-6.
- ^ Gupta, H. (2011). Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences (2 ed.). Springer. p. 566. ISBN 978-90-481-8701-0.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
- ^ The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved October 29, 2010.
- ^ "Today in Earthquake History". usgs.gov.
- ^ Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 278, citing Francis Hawks, (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session.
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
External links[edit]
- USGS-ANSS Latest earthquakes around the world.
- Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
- IRIS Seismic Monitor, Recent earthquakes around the world
- Recent New Zealand earthquakes
- SeismoArchives, Seismogram Archives of Significant Earthquakes of the World
- USGS list of earthquakes magnitude 6.0 and greater sorted by magnitude
- Database for the damage of world earthquake, ancient period (3000 BC) to year of 2006—Building Research Institute (Japan)
- Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900