User:MattWade/History of Brunswick, New York

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The history of Brunswick, New York extends back to the early 18th century with the settlement of German immigrants on their return home from the Quebec Expedition in 1711.[1]

Before Europeans[edit]

Prior to Henry Hudson's voyage in 1609 during which he discovered the river that now bears his name, the land that makes up the current town of Brunswick was mostly uninhabited. To the west, along the banks of the Hudson River, were at least a few settlements inhabited by the Mohican Indians. The Mohican also had settlements in present-day Rensselaer, Albany, and even Stephentown. To the Mohican, the Hudson River was known as Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, or "where the waters were never still", and they called themselves the Muh-he ka-ne-ok. They had probably lived in the area for more than a thousand years before Europeans arrived.[2][3]

At least three clans of the tribe lived within the area of Troy, being the Wolf, Turtle, and Turkey clans. However, these clans were all led by just one sachem. At least two settlements existed in the Troy area. The first was called Unawatt’s Castle and was either located near modern-day Hoosick Street[3] or possibly along the banks of the Poesten Kill.[4] The second settlement was located on Peebles Island, across from modern-day Lansingburgh and was called Moenemine’s Castle. A third settlement may also have existed across the Hudson from Moenemine’s Castle in present-day Lansingburgh. The villages typically consisted of numerous wigwams and longhouses.[5] At the time of Dutch arrival, it is thought that almost 8,000 Mohican inhabited the area.[6]

At the time of European arrival, the land around the Poesten Kill was owned by Skiwias, who was also the sachem, and was called Panhooseck. Around the Wynants Kill was known as Paanpack and was owned by Peyhaunet. The land between the creeks, which comprises most of today's downtown and South Troy, was owned by Annape. South of the Wynants Kill, mostly into present-day North Greenbush, the area was owned by Pachquolapiet.

The Dutch[edit]

In 1609, Henry Hudson, sailing for the Dutch East India Company, a quasi-private, quasi-governmental organization headquartered in the United Netherlands, ventured to North America in search of the fabled Northwest Passage. Thinking the Hudson River might be a way toward it, he and his crew ventured northward as far as Troy.[7]

The English[edit]

An American town[edit]

Colonial era[edit]

Brunswick Historical Populations
YearPop.±%
1810 2,302—    
1820 2,318+0.7%
1830 2,575+11.1%
1840 3,051+18.5%
1850 3,146+3.1%
1860 3,110−1.1%
1870 3,128+0.6%
1880 3,404+8.8%
1890 3,054−10.3%
1900 3,513+15.0%
1910 2,832−19.4%
1920 2,812−0.7%
1930 3,949+40.4%
1940 4,917+24.5%
1950 5,967+21.4%
1960 9,004+50.9%
1970 11,193+24.3%
1980 10,974−2.0%
1990 11,093+1.1%
2000 11,664+5.1%
2008 (Est.) 11,762+0.8%
Note: Brunswick was incorporated in 1807, therefore the censuses from 1790 and 1800 are not applicable to the town boundaries, which did not exist.
Sources: Censuses 1800–1880;[8] 1890 and 1900;[9] 1910 and 1920;[10] 1930, 1940, and 1950;[11] 1960, 1970, and 1980;[12] and 1990, 2000, and 2008.[13]

The first settlement in Brunswick dates to 1711 to 1715 at Haynersville.[1] Since Haynersville is just at the town line with Pittstown, it is currently impossible to be more specific about dates without knowing which on side of the town line various individual farms were.

In the records, Haynersville was first called simply "Hosek Road".[1] This is in reference to the public manor road that went north from the manor along the east side of the Hudson to where Troy now is, and then turned east across the area to Hoosick on the Vermont border, (the latter half of the road is basically today's Route 7, and is still known as Hoosick Road).[14]

The Hoosick Road was a vital link to the then frontier settlement at Hoosick, (settled in 1688), and which formed a link to both Bennington, Vermont and Williamstown. Until the 1790s, the government at Albany claimed Vermont, and its only practical connection to Vermont was by the Hoosick Road.

German Palatines had settled in Livingston's Manor, south of Rensselaer's Manor. Many of these were volunteers during Queen Anne's War in an expedition against Canada in 1711, led locally by Peter Schuyler, "and several finding the country north of them pleasant and desirable, determined, so soon as convenient after their return and discharge, to locate there". Johannes Jung, Job. Adam Freiderich, Georg Shaffer, Phillip Kelmer, Stephen Froelich, Andreas Bergman, Ludowig W. Schmidt, Job. Schneider, were in an initial group prior to 1715, and Coenraet Ham, Jans Witbeck and Hans Jury Kolemer, came in 1715. The last named individual settled within the manor and therefore within the town.[1]

In 1724, there was another campaign against Canada, and which produced a similar exodus of discontented veterans from the Livingston Manor to Brunswick, including Johannes Heener (Hayner), Peter Phillips, Peter Lamp-Man, Johannes Heinrich Conrad, and Olrig and Philip Barnet. Paul Dirk (Derrick) and Peter Ham were the first settlers of Center Brunswick.[15] Paul Derrick's manor farm still stands as the rear section of the farmhouse at 936 Hoosick Road.

Of the earliest church records for the Gilead Lutheran Church, consisting of several dated receipts, the earliest is from 1746. Their first minister, Peter Nicholas Sommer, began his ministry at Haynersville and adjoining areas in 1743.[16]

In the 1740s, van Rensselaer as patroon of the manor gave land for the erection of a church, and for the support of a minister at Hosek Road, (Haynersville). Barnett also gives the text of a document from 1769 in the records of the Gilead Lutheran Church "When it had pleased the Almighty and Merciful God in His goodness to plant the Evangelical Lutheran Church in this American part of the world also, and especially in the State of New York, during the reign of Queen Anna, and also in this neighborhood and district called Hosek Road, in Rensselaerwyck, Albany County, then more than twenty years ago, a small body of adherents of the above said Lutheran church, disposed to that end did build and erect a prayer and church House to the Honor of God, and for their convenience, upon that lot of ground which our most worthy Patroon generously gave to promote and perpetuate the service of God and for the better maintenance of our preacher, for which purpose he presented us with a Deed of Gift which We acknowledge with heartfelt thanks towards our Good Lord in Heaven, and that in addition He grants us all hereabouts by His grace that we through the permission of the Government are allowed to carry on our pure Lutheran Church service free and without hindrance." Barnett concludes that 'more than twenty years' before 1769 roughly corresponds to Sommer's appointment as minister, and that sometime between 1743 and 1749, the first church in Brunswick was built. It was referred to as the log church, and was probably a simple structure.[17]

From this beginning there was an increase, but not without conflict. "During the wars of 1745 and 1754 between the English and French, all this region north of Albany was marked by frequent atrocities perpetrated by the Savage allies of the French, and twice at least the majority of the settlers fled from their homes in terror, retiring to Livingston Manor and other points down the river, some of whom never returned." One particularly notorious incident was the burning of Hoosick, outside Brunswick, by the French in August 1754.[18] Matters did not settle until the collapse of the French at Quebec in 1760. "When these troubles were finally at an end, the inducements offered to settlers by the lord of the Manor attracted many emigrants, not only Germans, but Dutch, English, Scotch, Irish and French as well."[14]

Peace also brought the first tavern in the area, run by a John Tillman, followed by a second tavern in 1772, run by Johannes Hayner, Jr., from which Haynersville, (Hayner's Tavern), eventually got its name.[19]

The first store was opened by Conrad Hayner and Peter Loose at Tamarack, and the first grist mill was built by Johann Heinrich Gross, in 1772, on the Quackenkill.[20]

On the map of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, drawn in 1767 by John R. Bleecker, there are many names associated with leased parcels, especially in the western part of the town and in Haynersville.[21] The map shows that settlement had mostly been as far east as present day Center Brunswick and Eagle Mills.

By the 1770s, the original log church became inadequate to the needs of the community, as is made clear in this 1789 public plea. "It is about fourteen Years ago, that the said Members of the (Gilead Lutheran) Congregation, whilst the Number of them did increase, so that the Block Meeting House, where they used to serve the Lord, was to small for them, and the said Meeting house was not fit for any Worship, for fear it might brake down and kill them, so that the took a Notion of building a Church, and they begone it in the year 1775. But the disturbance of the War put soon a Stop to it, so that a great many of the said Members were ruin'd & brought to great Distress and Poverty, so that they was oblig'd to leave of building: but now last Year they have begun again, and did their utmost Endeavour to finish the said Church. It was not their Intention in the least at that Time to molest their Neighbours and Fellow Christians with Collections, for it has the appearance last Fall, as if they should have a promising Crop this Harvest, but that Hope is all lost for the most part of the Grane is kill'd with the Frost, and the Rest is destroy'd by the Insects, and now they have such a heavy Debt to pay, which they are not able to discharge out of their own Pokets: So they are obliged to implore all good-minded Christians who has it in their Hearts to promote the kingdom of Christ to assist them and lay some mite for the said Building of the said Church in the Hands of their Fellow Brothers wiiich they have send for that purpose Namely Albertus Simon and Jacob Weager."[22]

Revolutionary War period[edit]

For Town of Brunswick in the Revolutionary War, the excerpts from Barnett cover the history "Situated, as it was, near the head of navigation on the Hudson, and on the line traversed by the contending forces between New York City and Canada, (the people of Brunswick) naturally suffered many and grievous annoyances from both sides, but principally from the tories. From the first shock of conflict, east of them, in and around Boston, to the battle of Bennington, in sight from high ground and a few miles on the north-east; and the battles just across the river, between the patriot army and that of Burgoyne; and later, they were in constant dread and danger, many abandoning their homes, where all farm work was virtually given up."

"Emmissaries of the British government came among them, who easily persuaded many of the simple people to side with the royalists, but the majority, principally Germans, espoused the cause of freedom, which made it necessary for such as had joined with the tories to flee the country. This gave rise to the separation of families, the disruption of the harmony hitherto existing in the Church and community, and a deadly enmity which led to acts of violence... When Burgoyne's army approached, and General Schuyler with his forces fell back from Fort Edward to the Islands at the mouth of the Mohawk, the people on this side of the Hudson took refuge in Lansingburgh. Abner Roberts, a member of Gilead and an officer of the Continental army, anxious to visit his home,... and, not apprehending any serious danger, crossed to Lansingburgh and alone rode leisurely away, he had barely leached the top of the hill... when he was ambushed by a band of tories, killed and scalped. Several days afterwards his mutilated remains were found where he had fallen. ... Bald Mountain,... was a favorite resort or rallying point for these predatory bands. From its summit they not only had the advantage of a wide view of the surrounding country, but the valley of the Hudson for miles north and south lay open to observation, the importance of which, in carrying out their nefarious schemes, they truely appreciated and employed."[23]

Town incorporation[edit]

Engraving of a farm on Lake Avenue, 1880

The present territory of Brunswick was initially a part of the town of Troy. Troy had been organized as a town in 1791. The growing importance of the prospective city, and its requirements led to a separation of Troy from its rural parts: today's Brunswick and Grafton. Brunswick, which had been named Elizabethtown,[24] was renamed after the Duke of Brunswick and incorporated on March 30, 1807.[citation needed] The area further to the east, Grafton, which had been named Roxborough,[24] was renamed after the Duke of Grafton, and incorporated at the same time. (The third town created in Rensselaer County at this time was named after another British royal house, the Town of Nassau). This makes Brunswick one of the three Dukes of Rensselaer. It is not known who named three towns in Rensselaer after British duchies. The Duke of Brunswick in this period was also George III of England, (although the ducal title has been suspended in him since August 1806 because of the Napoleonic Wars).

The first town meeting was held at the house of Nathan Betts, a local innkeeper, and continued taking place there for another year. The first town supervisor was Flores Bancker, who held the office from 1807 until 1809. The first town clerk was Daniel Wager, who served for one year. The first three justices of the peace were Robert McChesney, Daniel Wagar, and John McManus. In pursuance of laws enacted under the constitution of 1821, justices of the peace were chosen at the general elections or were appointed by the courts. The election of justices at town meetings began in 1831.[25]

The town did not develop quickly under under the manorial system. Although agriculturally productive, since residents did not own the land, there was little incentive to develop properties. That changed after the collapse of Rensselaerswyck in the 1840s.[citation needed]

One short term historical figure was Herman Melville, who in 1840 had been residing with his mother in Lansingburgh, but who taught for a half year at a one room schoolhouse in Brunswick.[26]

Little documentation exists on who took part in the War of 1812. There was significantly more interest in fighting during the Civil War, Brunswick having sent more that 125 men to fight during various times of the war.[25]

The main recreational facility of the town is Vanderhyden Lake, an old reservoir for the city of Troy now used for swimming.[27]

Late 20th century and 21st century[edit]

Brunswick remained mostly rural into the mid and late 20th century. The 1990s brought about expansion along Hoosick Road, with the addition of a Wal-Mart[28] and Price Chopper,[29] along with subsequent strip malls,[30][31] in 1996. These openings led to interest by developers to build more housing options within the town, which offers quick access to Troy and, subsequently, Interstate 787 and the greater Capital District. With the new commercial developments, residents wouldn't be required to travel to Troy or other places to shop, offering more reasons to move to the town.

Expanding development and Brunswick Smart Growth[edit]

Proposed development of Highland Creek, on McChesney Avenue Extension, one of a number of proposed developments to raise concern in the town

In early 2005, Wal-Mart indicated intentions to build a Supercenter near its current site on Hoosick Road (Route 7),[32] which sparked outcry from a significant portion of the town population.[33] Additionally, in late 2006, the town saw proposals for five large housing developments that would have added 1387 new homes to a town that was only seeing an average of 43 new homes per year.[34] These proposals, along with other development plans, brought about much opposition, mainly from an organization called Brunswick Smart Growth, Inc., which began a campaign against rapid and excessive development.[34]

One of the main issues coming from Brunswick Smart Growth and town residents was concerns regarding overdevelopment of the town in a short period of time; their argument was for "sustainable and positive growth".[35] Many cited the arguable overdevelopment of Clifton Park, a town located roughly 14 miles (23 km) to the northeast.[36] Brunswick Smart Growth became noticeable after many residents placed signs on their lawns.

All of these proposed developments were planned to be rezoned to waive the usual requirement that each house sit on at least 1 acre (0.40 ha) of land.[34] Additionally, some town residents were upset about the fact that one of the developments, Highland Creek, was made possible by the sale of 210.3 acres (85.1 ha) of land by town supervisor Philip Herrington and his brother Kenneth, a Rensselaer County legislator.[34] Though, to note, the Herrington brothers are successful dairy farmers (owning the largest dairy farm in Rensselaer County[37]) and own a significant amount of farmland in the town; the land of the proposed Highland Creek sits on former farmland.[34]

The issue went so far as two lawsuits against the town. The first was brought about in October 2006 by Brunswick Smart Growth and a few individual town residents. It claimed that one, the town did not offer enough hearings regarding the planned Highland Creek development,[38] and two, that the land on which Highland Creek would be built had not been properly rezoned for the development (it was zoned for agriculture and never rezoned to allow a residential development).[39] The suit was eventually dismissed by Rensselaer County Supreme Court Judge Christian F. Hummel.[39]

A second suit was filed, this time in the State Supreme Court, in November 2007, again by Brunswick Smart Growth and a few individuals. This time, the suit focused on insufficiencies in the town's comprehensive plan. If the comprehensive plan were deemed inadequate, two proposed developments that had already received approval would lose their approval.[40] This suit was dismissed in August 2009.[41] The town reportedly spent more than $38,000 in legal fees during the two lawsuits.[40]

The planned Wal-mart Supercenter was scrapped in 2007, instead the current Wal-mart received an upgrade;[42] and none of the planned developments have yet been built, though this could have much to do with the late-2000s recession.

Education[edit]

History[edit]

Map of Brunswick from 1876 showing school district boundaries

Upon the creation of the government of the Town of Brunswick in April 1807, three commissioners of schools were appointed. Their tasks were to develop schools within the town and offer funding using the Common School Fund, which the New York Legislature had set up in 1805 to help cover the costs of public education. In 1812, the Legislature developed a school district system in which each district was self-governing. These districts were typically small by necessity, so that students could walk or ride to school in a reasonable time period each day.[43]

At the time, public schools were funded by a combination of population-based state reimbursement, taxes, and tuition paid by parents. In 1867, tuition was abolished, making public education free to all. At that time, attending school was voluntary, but by 1874, it became mandatory for students aged 8 to 14. Enforcement was sometimes difficult though, especially considering the agricultural economy that the area depended upon at the time.[43]

By 1945, ten districts in Brunswick had a student population of 313 between first and ninth grades. Due to the added expenses of small districts (in an era becoming increasingly dominated by the automobile) and sometimes crumbling school facilities, the idea of consolidating smaller districts into one larger district (centralization) became a legitimate issue. By 1953, fourteen districts in Brunswick, Grafton, Pittstown, and Poestenkill were proposed for centralization. Eight of the districts were serviced by one-room schoolhouses with no running water.[44][43]

Districts preceding centralization[edit]

At the time just preceding centralization, Brunswick was served by twelve districts.[44][45][46]

District #1 is located at the corner of Menemsha and Lansing Lanes[47] and was commonly known as the Paul Springer School. The original schoolhouse was built in 1885 but burned down in 1970. The district became known as Brunswick Common School District after the Brunswick Central School District centralization. In the 1960s, students from the elementary school (the only building in the district) voted to name the school George Washington School. The district remained independent until merging into Averill Park Central School District in 1995.[48]

Garfield School

District #2, known as the Garfield School, is located at the corner of Moonlawn Road and New York State Route 2 (Brunswick Road).[49] The school was originally named for President James A. Garfield, who occasionally taught nearby.[50] It was owned by BCSD until the mid 1980s when it was transferred to the Town of Brunswick. It currently houses the Brunswick Community Library and Brunswick Historical Society and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[51]

District #3 was known as the White Church School or the Horace Mann School. Little more information is easily found about the school.

District #4, known as the Pleasant Valley School, Rock Hollow School, or Cropseyville School, was located in the Pleasant Valley sector of Cropseyville on Brunswick Rd. This school was built in 1889 as a replacement for two nearby schools: one near the site of this school, and one on South Road. Today the building is a private residence.

District #5 was originally serviced by the McKinley School, located on New York State Route 7 (Hoosick Road), east of New York State Route 142 (Grange Road), and west of Town Office Road.[52] The building was built around 1872 and the building still stands, housing a local business. The replacement schoolhouse, known as the Lee School, was located at Keyes Lane and Merrill Avenue.[53] It was constructed in 1953 but soon closed due to centralization. It was then sold to the Brunswick Center Fire Department and used as a banquet hall until it was demolished in 1997 to be replaced by a new Town Community Center.

Little Red Schoolhouse

District #6, most commonly known as the Little Red Schoolhouse, but also sometimes known as the Lincoln School, Brick School, or Rocky Road School, is located at the corner of Buck Road and New York State Route 278 (Brick Church Road).[54] Built around 1830, the building is the oldest standing schoolhouse in Brunswick and is still owned by BCSD. It underwent renovations in the 1970s and received additional refurbishments in the latter half of the 2000s. It was added to National Register of Historic Places in 2008.[55]

District #7, known as the VanArnum School, was located on Grange Road north of Calhoun Drive. The school was closed and sold at public auction in 1953. District #7 was centralized into Lansingburgh Central School District.

District #8, located on Hoosick Road across from Mickle Hill Road, was known as the Haynerville School, most likely named for the hamlet. District #9, known as the Moody School, was located on Dater Hill Road. District #10, located on Brunswick Road, east of St. Mary's Cemetery entrance,[56] was centralized into the Enlarged City School District of Troy. District #11, called the Sycaway School, was located on the corner of Hoosick Street and Lee Avenue. This district was consolidated into the Enlarged City School District of Troy and is the current site of School 18, one of that district's elementary schools. District #12 was known as the Tamarac School, which is the namesake of the current schools on the main campus. It was located on Camel Hill Road, off Tamarac Road. The school was built in 1864, but collapsed under the weight of snow during the winter of 1994-95.

Centralization[edit]

In January 1945, the Town of Brunswick Trustees created a committee charged with gathering facts about school district centralization and reporting back to the community. In late 1945, the committee proposed a plan to the New York State Education Department, which was approved. Unfortunately the plan was out of the scope of a reasonable budget. By late 1950, town residents began commenting on the inadequacies of the then current infrastructure, equipment, and services within their schools. In early 1952, the district superintendent created a committee made up of one member from each school district to reevaluate centralization. By July 1953, the committee was formed and a chairman elected. That August, committee members met with members of the Education Department to discuss school programs and expected expenditures. It is estimated that an average teacher's salary would be $3,750 in 1956. In March 1954, the Centralization Committee produced a pamphlet entitled Digest of Facts to inform the community of the project. In April 1954, a citizens' advisory committee was created, made up of 48 individuals, representing all districts involved in centralization. By August, the committee produced A Partnership in Education pamphlet to be distributed in the area. On October 8, 1956, the citizens' committee voted to centralize and the first Board of Education was elected.[57]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Barnett, pp. 10
  2. ^ Rittner (2002), p. 20
  3. ^ a b Rittner (2002), p. 23
  4. ^ Weise (1886), p. 2
  5. ^ Rittner (2002), p. 19
  6. ^ Rittner (2002), p. 22
  7. ^ "Henry Hudson". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  8. ^ Weise, Arthur James (1880). History of the 17 Towns of Rensselaer County, from the Colonization of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck to the Present Time. Troy, New York: J. M. Francis & Tucker. p. 106.
  9. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  10. ^ "1930 Census of Population; Volume 1: Characteristics of the Population" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1930. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  11. ^ "1950 Census of Population; Volume 1: Characteristics of the Population" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 1950. p. 32-16 (72 in PDF file). Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  12. ^ "1980 Census of Population; Volume 1: Characteristics of the Population". United States Census Bureau. 1980. p. 34-10. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  13. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  14. ^ a b Barnett, pp. 15
  15. ^ Barnett, pp. 11
  16. ^ J. N. Barnett cites a history of the Lutheran Church in Schoharie County by Lintner. There does not appear to be any book with any similar title. It may be Lintner, George Ames (1863). A historical discourse delivered before the Schoharie County Bible Society: at its semi-centennial meeting, in the Lutheran Church, Schoharie, October 6, 1863. Schoharie County Bible Society: J. Munsell., or since Lintner was editor of the Lutheran Magazine in the 1820s, this reference may be to an article in that magazine.
  17. ^ Barnett, pp. 14
  18. ^ "The Seven Years War". New York State Museum. Retrieved 2009-08-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  19. ^ Barnett, pp. 18
  20. ^ Barnett, pp. 20
  21. ^ A Map of the Manor Renselaerwick (sic) Surveyed and Laid Down By a Scale of 100 Chains to an Inch (Map). JNo Bleeker, Surveyor. 1767.
  22. ^ Barnett, pp. 22-23
  23. ^ Barnett, pp. 33-34
  24. ^ a b "Rensselaerwyck Manor Records, 1630-1899: A Preliminary Inventory". New York State Library. Retrieved 2009-08-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  25. ^ a b Sylvester, pp. 532-545
  26. ^ Meltzer, Milton (2006). Herman Melville: A Biography. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Twenty first Century Books, Lerner Publishing Group.
  27. ^ Alonge, Chris (1991). "History of Troy NY Water Supplies". Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Retrieved 2009-08-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  28. ^ Orenstein, David (1996-08-30). "Brunswick Discusses Ways to Ease Shopping Traffic". Times Union (Albany). p. E1. Retrieved 2009-08-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  29. ^ Orenstein, David (1996-11-13). "New Price Chopper Marks Its Opening". Times Union (Albany). p. E1. Retrieved 2009-08-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  30. ^ Denn, James (1996-01-16). "$7.5 Million Retail Plaza Will Keep Shopping Hopping in Brunswick". Times Union (Albany). p. B8. Retrieved 2009-08-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  31. ^ Denn, James (1996-11-14). "Strip Mall on Tap for Brunswick". Times Union (Albany). p. E1. Retrieved 2009-08-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  32. ^ "State Environmental Quality Review Act Draft Scoping Document for Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS)" (PDF). APD Engineering, PLLC and the Brunswick Town Board. 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  33. ^ O'Brien, Tim (2005-05-01). "Wal-Mart again stirs foes and support". Times Union (Albany). pp. D1. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  34. ^ a b c d e O'Brien, Tim (2006-10-29). "Big plans split small town". Times Union (Albany). p. C1. Retrieved 2009-08-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  35. ^ "Brunswick Smart Growth: Mission". Brunswick Smart Growth. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  36. ^ Fitzgerald, Deborah M. (stenographer) (2005-12-29). "Highland Creek Planned Development District (PDD) Application: Stenographic Minutes of Public Hearing". Brunswick Town Board. pp. 25, 95. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  37. ^ "Legislator Kenneth Herrington". Rensselaer County Legislature. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  38. ^ O'Brien, Tim (2006-10-13). "Brunswick sued over subdivision". Times Union (Albany). pp. B7. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  39. ^ a b No author attributed (2007-04-04). "Suit against town of Brunswick is still active". Times Union (Albany). pp. B4. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  40. ^ a b Crowe, Kenneth C., II (2007-11-17). "Town sued over comprehensive plan". Times Union (Albany). pp. D8. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Crowe, Kenneth C., II (2009-08-04). "Brunswick citizen lawsuit dismissed". Times Union (Albany). pp. B4. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Churchill, Chriss (2009-07-11). "Fears of a Field of Bad Dreams". Times Union (Albany). pp. B8. Retrieved 2009-09-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  43. ^ a b c Waite, Diana S. (1988-04-29). "National Register of Historic Places Registration nomination, Garfield School (Javascript)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 2009-06-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  44. ^ a b Zankel, Sharon Martin (for the Brunswick Historical Society) (1998). Images of America: Brunswick. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 69–80. ISBN 0-7524-1306-6.
  45. ^ Photographic Files Binder Schools I-I. Title Page. Key to School Districts in File I I Schools. Brunswick Historical Society.
  46. ^ Photographic Files Binder Schools II-I. Title Page. Key to School Districts in File II I Schools. Brunswick Historical Society.
  47. ^ 42°42′46.5″N 73°38′20.7″W / 42.712917°N 73.639083°W / 42.712917; -73.639083
  48. ^ Picchi, Joe (1995-01-17). "District Merger Expected July 1". Times Union (Albany). pp. B4. Retrieved 2008-10-01.
  49. ^ 42°43′49.5″N 73°35′51.9″W / 42.730417°N 73.597750°W / 42.730417; -73.597750
  50. ^ Leith, Liz (c. 1996). "Garfield Library's History". Brunswick Library. Retrieved 2008-12-10. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  51. ^ "About Us §Garfield School". Brunswick Historical Society. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  52. ^ 42°45′26″N 73°36′50″W / 42.75722°N 73.61389°W / 42.75722; -73.61389
  53. ^ 42°45′12″N 73°37′12″W / 42.75333°N 73.62000°W / 42.75333; -73.62000
  54. ^ 42°45′04.25″N 73°34′28.78″W / 42.7511806°N 73.5746611°W / 42.7511806; -73.5746611
  55. ^ "Weekly List of Actions Taken on Priorities: 8/18/08 through 8/22/08 (August 29, 2008)". National Park Service: National Register of Historic Places. 2008-07-03. Retrieved 2009-01-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  56. ^ 42°43′27″N 73°39′36.5″W / 42.72417°N 73.660139°W / 42.72417; -73.660139
  57. ^ Brunswick and School Centralization: Photographic Files Binder Schools II-I. Brunswick Historical Society.
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