Rail transport in Indonesia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Malabar (train))

Indonesia
Argo Lawu train in Tambun
Operation
National railway Kereta Api Indonesia
Statistics
Ridership429.2 million (2019)[1]
Freight995.5 million tonnes (2015, as of October)[2]
System length
Total8,260 kilometres (5,130 mi)[3]
Electrified621 kilometres (386 mi)
Track gauge
Main1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
Standard gauge
1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)		107.7 kilometres (66.9 mi)
Electrification
Main1.5 kV DC overhead line
Features
Longest tunnelSasaksaat Tunnel
949 m (3,114 ft)[4]
Longest bridgeCikubang Bridge
300 m (980 ft)[5]
Highest elevation848 m (2,782 ft)
 atNagreg railway station[6]
Lowest elevation1 m (3 ft 3 in)
 atSurabaya Pasar Turi railway station[6]

The majority of Indonesia's railways are on Java, used for both passenger and freight transport. There are three noncontinuous railway networks in Sumatra (Aceh and North Sumatra; West Sumatra; South Sumatra and Lampung) while two new networks are being developed in Kalimantan and Sulawesi.[7][8] Indonesia has finalized its plan for a national railway network recently. According to the plan, 3,200 km of train tracks that will criss-cross the islands of Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi, it has been touted as the most extensive railway project in Indonesia since its independence from the Dutch in 1945.[9] Indonesia targets to extend the national railway network to 10,524 kilometres by 2030. As of September 2022, the network spans 7,032 km.[10]

Urban railway exist in form of commuter rail in all provinces and metropolitan areas of Java – notably in Jakarta – as well as Medan, North Sumatra. New mass rapid transit and light rail transit system are currently being introduced in Jakarta and Palembang, South Sumatra.

Despite Indonesia having a left-hand running for roads, most of the railway lines use right-hand running due to Dutch legacy.

Indonesia's rail gauge is 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), although 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in), and 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) lines previously existed. Newer constructions in Sumatra including Aceh, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, along with the Jakarta LRT and Jakarta-Bandung HSR, are using the 1,435 mm gauge. Most of the Jakarta metropolitan area is electrified at 1500 V DC overhead.

Indonesia's railways are primarily operated by the state-owned Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI), its commuter subsidiary KAI Commuter, and the airport rail link subsidiary KAI Bandara. Majority of the railway infrastructure is owned by the Directorate General of Railways of the Ministry of Transportation, and railway companies pay a "track access charge" fee for using the railways.[11]

Various narrow gauge industrial tramways operate in Java and Sumatra, serving the sugarcane and oil palm industries.

History[edit]

Main article: History of rail transport in Indonesia
Locomotive and train of the Dutch Indies Railway Company (Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij), Java, c. 1900s.

The first railway line in Indonesia opened in 1867 and was initially laid to standard gauge size. The railways were gradually expanded by both the state and private companies.

The Japanese occupation and the Indonesian War of Independence left Indonesia's railways in a poor condition. A batch of 100 steam locomotives were ordered in 1950, and dieselisation started in 1953. By the 1980s most mainline services had been dieselised. Electric multiple units were obtained from Japan beginning in the 1970s, replacing 60-year-old electric locomotives.

Since the independence era, all mainline railways in Indonesia have been managed by the state. The owners of the private railway were compensated first, but the system was fully nationalised in 1971.

Construction of new railway lines has been scarce, and most new construction is concentrated on double- and quad-tracking of existing railway lines. Most of the former tramway lines have been closed, reducing the mileage from about 7000 km to only 3000 km.

Regulator and operators[edit]

Regulator[edit]

The sole regulator of Indonesian rail transport system is the Directorate General of Railways of the Ministry of Transportation. Established on 5 August 2005 during the administration of the President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and the Minister of Transportation Hatta Rajasa, the directorate general was designed to regulate rail transport policies in Indonesia.[12] The first Director-General was Soemino Eko Saputro, who had served as CEO of Perumka, the predecessor of Kereta Api Indonesia. When he was served as the Director-General, Saputro was involved in a corruption case concerning procurement of EMUs from Japan, which caused the state to lose IDR 20 billion.[13]

Operators[edit]

There are a number of passenger and freight rail companies in Indonesia:

Some agricultural companies also operates industrial railways:

Rail infrastructures by region[edit]

Java[edit]

Map of Java's transportation network, including active railways as of 2010

The first railways in Indonesia were built on the island of Java, using 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge. During the Japanese occupation, they were converted to 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge. At its greatest extent, the Javanese-Madurese network had a length of 4,807 kilometres (2,987 mi), connecting most parts of the island.[14] The Javanese network train (in Java Island) is divided into nine operating divisions.

Sumatra[edit]

Map of Sumatra's railway network. Only red, dark red, brown, green, and blue-colored thick lines are still active
Medan railway station, serving intercity trains as well as Railink airport train service to Kualanamu International Airport

As of 2013, there are 1,869 kilometres of track in Sumatra, of which 1,348 km are operational.[15] Several unconnected railway networks were built in the time of the Dutch East Indies:

Plans to connect up and fix these isolated lines are included in the Trans-Sumatra Railway plan. Railway services in Sumatra by operational is divided into four regional divisions, which are:

Regional Division 1
(North Sumatra and Aceh) 		Regional Division 2
(West Sumatra) 		Regional Division 3
(South Sumatra) 		Regional Division 4
(Lampung and South Sumatra)
  • Medan - Tebing Tinggi
  • Araskabu - Kualanamu
  • Tebing Tinggi - Kisaran
  • Kisaran - Kotapinang
  • Kisaran - Tanjungbalai
  • Tebing Tinggi - Siantar
  • Medan - Belawan
  • Medan - Besitang
  • Kutablang - Krueng Geukueh
  • Teluk Bayur - Sawahlunto
  • Muara Kalaban - Padang Sibusuk
  • Bukit Putus - Indarung
  • Lubuk Alung - Pariaman
  • Pariaman - Sungai Limau
  • Padang Panjang - Payakumbuh
  • Payakumbuh - Limbanang
  • Padang Sibusuk - Muaro Sijunjung
  • Padang - Pulau Air
  • Duku - Minangkabau International Airport
  • Kertapati - Prabumulih
  • Simpang - Indralaya
  • Prabumulih - Lubuk Linggau
  • Tarahan - Prabumulih

Alongside the formal railways, there's also the so called Motor Lori Ekspress or "Molek" railway in Lebong Tandai, Bengkulu. The service, which consisted of motored draisines operated by locals, connected the isolated village of Lebong Tandai with the village of Air Tenang, both in Napal Putih Subdistrict, North Bengkulu Regency. The 35 kilometres (22 mi) route through Sumatran jungle is a former 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) gold mining railway line built by the Dutch colonial in the 1900s.[17][18]

Kalimantan[edit]

The first railway network in Kalimantan island was opened in 1908, serving the oil refinery and port of Balikpapan. It was closed in 1950.[19] In 2010, plans were announced for Kalimantan to get a 122 km long 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge railway for the transport of coal between the Muara Wahau [id] mine and the port of Bengalon.[20] In January 2016, Russian Railways reported that the construction of a railway in Kalimantan will finish in 2019;[21] however, in 2022 they withdraw from the initial investment plan so the railway construction was canceled.[22]

Lesser Sunda Islands[edit]

In 2019, it was reported that governor of Bali Wayan Koster is planned to build railways on Bali with 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge. The railway "is keen to improve Bali's transportation infrastructure and is considering plans to build an electric rail network across the island".[23] According to the Minister of Transportation Budi Karya Sumadi in early February 2024, an LRT system is planned to be built in Bali, with the route spanning from the Ngurah Rai International Airport to Mengwi. The Phase 1 of the project, which was expected to be started in September 2024, would connect the Ngurah Rai Airport with Kuta. The construction for the Phase 1 would be supported by feasibility studies and loan from South Korea.[24]

Sulawesi[edit]

Invitation to the 30 June 1922 opening of the Makassar-Takalar line
Main article: Trans-Sulawesi Railway

The first railway network in Sulawesi was opened in 1922 connecting Makassar and Takalar, but was closed in 1930 due to poor revenue.[25][26] The newer Trans-Sulawesi Railway is under construction as of 2022. It will be built with 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge, which is wider than the cape gauge used in Java and most of Sumatra to accommodate more weight and speed.[27][28] The ground breaking of Makassar–Parepare route was conducted on 18 August 2014 in, Siawung Village, Barru District, Barru Regency. On early November 2022, 66 kilometres of railway from Barru to Pangkep was inaugurated and operational. As of 2022, it is the only operational part of the railway.[29][30]

Papua[edit]

A 440 km railway from Manokwari to Sorong in West Papua province is planned.[31] In Papua there is also a subway line assigned to transport mining products which is located in the Grasberg mine, Mimika Regency, near Puncak Jaya, and operated by PT. Freeport Indonesia and has been operating since 2019.[32] Besides that, a train line is also operated specifically for students at the Nemangkawi Mining Institute.[33]

Rolling stock[edit]

See also: List of Kereta Api Indonesia rolling stock classes

Preserved steam locomotives[edit]

Cepu Forest Railway – Du Croo & Brauns [nl] locomotive

Indonesia had various types of locomotives, being the legacy of the many different companies. Surprisingly, only five steam locomotives remain in operable condition, with two located in the Ambarawa Railway Museum, two in Surakarta running the Jaladara excursion train, and one in the Sawahlunto Railway Museum. On the other hand, static steam locomotive displays are located in the Transportation Museum (under the auspices of the Department of Transportation) in Jakarta's Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Beautiful Indonesia in Miniature Park) and Ambarawa Railway Museum (managed by PT Kereta Api) in Central Java. Plinthed locomotives can also be found in most cities and towns. Somewhat surprisingly, few non-locomotive rolling stock were preserved.

Derelict B52 03 at Tegal locomotive depot on 9 July 2002

With the Asian economic crisis of 1997, remaining hulks of steam locomotives formerly standing in former depots became valuable for their scrap value, and by 2000, most locomotives not already plinthed or sent to museums were scrapped, presumably illegally.

Four operable industrial steam locomotives are present, with two more preserved, at the Cepu Forest Railway. This currently represents the largest concentration of active preserved steam locomotives in Indonesia.

Several "last" steam locomotives were built for Indonesia. E10 60, a 1966-built rack steam locomotive (Esslingen 5316) is operable in Sawahlunto Railway Museum. BB84, the last Mallet locomotive built for a non-tourist railway (according to Durrant) was built by Nippon Sharyo Keizo Kaisha in 1962 (works number 2007). This locomotive was plinthed in Banda Aceh and survived the December 2004 tsunami. The locomotive is in rather poor condition with its valve gear and cylinder pistons missing (as of March 2006).

SS 1600-class steam locomotive No. 1622 "Sri Gunung" (Mountain Queen), a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) mallet built in 1928, preserved in the Dutch Railway Museum.

The Trangkil No. 4 (Hunslet Engine Company 3902) was built in 1971, being the last steam locomotive built at Hunslet's Jack Lane Works in Leeds, England. The locomotive was used on the Trangkil sugar mill estate on Java. It has been repatriated to the UK in 2004.[34]

Sragi No.1 (Krauss) was built in 1899, restored to working order in 2008. This locomotive is a former sugar cane carrier in Pekalongan, Central Java. Then there are two other locomotives namely Pakis Baru No. 1 (Orenstein & Koppel built 1900) and Pakis Baru No. 5 (Orenstein & Koppel built 1905), both of which were former locomotives belonging to the Pakis Baru sugar factory in Pati, Central Java. All locomotives now preserved at Statfold Barn Railway, England.

Diesel locomotives[edit]

As of 2016, PT Kereta Api operates about 350 units of diesel locomotives divided into classes in Java and Sumatra[35] used both for passenger and freight services. The first diesel locomotive owned by PT Kereta Api was CC200 class, built by General Electric in 1953.[36]

Electric trains[edit]

As of August 2017, PT Kereta Api's commuter subsidiary, Kereta Commuter Indonesia, operates 758 units of electric multiple units (EMU) in Greater Jakarta area.[37] Most EMUs operated in Jakarta are secondhand trains acquired from major urban railway operators in Greater Tokyo in Japan, such as East Japan Railway Company and Tokyo Metro.

Usage[edit]

Passenger services[edit]

Argo Wilis, a long-distance passenger train serves Bandung to Surabaya route

KAI provides extensive passenger services. Various classes are available, from luxury class with reclining seats and plane - like facilities, executive class with air conditioner and reclining seat comparable to the better classes of other countries' railways, business coaches which recently have been equipped with air conditioner and reclining seats much like executive class, to the hard bench, but still air conditioned, economy class coaches for cheaper trains. In last couple of years, the business and economic class are in the process of being equipped with air conditioned system. The whole process was completed in early 2013.

Sleeper trains have existed in Indonesia. The last all-sleeper train service was Bima express train which ran from 1967 to 1984 when it was changed to mostly coach, leaving only one or two sleeping cars. It ran in this configuration until 1995, when the sleeper cars were withdrawn and modified into seating coach. Since 2018, sleeper trains have been re-activated for the Argo Bromo Anggrek (Jakarta to Surabaya), Taksaka (Jakarta to Yogyakarta), Argo Lawu and Argo Dwipangga (Jakarta to Solo), and Gajayana (Jakarta to Malang).[38]

Sawunggalih Premium Economy coach in 2017

In Java, most trains connect Jakarta and the hinterland - regional (or "cross-country" services) have not been fully developed. Between pairs of important cities such as Jakarta and Bandung, intensive hourly services are provided.

Most passenger trains in Indonesia, except commuter locals, are named. The names varies from plainly descriptive such as Depok Ekspres (a former fast service between Jakarta and Depok), through Logawa (name of a river near Purwokerto, which is served by the train), Argo Lawu (Mt. Lawu, an extinct volcano near Solo, which is served by the said express train), to more or less meaningless, though romantic, names such as Bangunkarta (abbreviation of names of cities it serves: Jombang-Madiun-Jakarta) and Matarmaja (Malang-Blitar-Madiun-Jakarta).

Gumarang Business coach in 2009

Railway passenger services experienced a renaissance in the 1995-1999 period, with the introduction of many new passenger express services. With the advent of cheap airplane tickets, KAI experienced a downturn in the number of passengers carried, though the number has stabilized and most trains remain at more than 50% occupancy rate.

Argo Network[edit]

Note: 1. KA Argo Gede and also KA Parahyangan no longer exist. As a replacement, KA Argo Parahyangan trains operate the same routing as a merge of KA Argo Gede and KA Parahyangan. 2. KA Argo Jati is merged into KA Argo Cheribon (a merge of KA Argo Jati, Cirebon Express, and Tegal Bahari (Route still the same but extended to Tegal))

Women only carriages[edit]

As a response to many reports of sexual harassment in public places, including commuter trains and bus, KAI launched women-only carriages in some KRL Jabodetabek commuter trains in Jakarta metropolitan area in August 2010.[39] On May 13, 2013, KAI changed women-only trains to regular trains which at the front and back of the train has a coach for women only. This rule apply in KRL Jabodetabek.[40]

Priority seat[edit]

KAI designates priority seats to elderly passengers, pregnant women, disabled passengers and mother with infant to ride public transport with an equal degree of access and comfort as other people. Priority seat not only in the first and end of the train like in women only carriages, but eight seats in each carriage are designated as priority seats. This apply in KRL Commuterline.

Priority Class (Sleeper Train)[edit]

KAI relaunched the Sleeper Train service on June 11, 2018.[41][42] This sleeper train is equipped with excellent facilities even in the same class as a first class aircraft cabin. The first route for sleeper train is from Gambir Jakarta to Surabaya.[43] The Luxury Sleeper Train is managed by another KAI subsidiary, KAI Wisata.

Freight services[edit]

A CC 201-47 Locomotive hauling Gottwald Crane in 2005

The railway system in Java is more or less a passenger-oriented system, and there are few freight services, due to the limited capacity of the tracks. Some notable freight services in Java include the Kalimas container train and the Parcel train between Jakarta and Surabaya, petroleum trains between refineries or oil pipe terminals and oil depots, and quartz sand trains in Central Java. Besides being operated for Krakatau Steel, the train will later be used to supply steel from Cilegon to other areas.[44]

But in recent years, there have been many efforts to increase freight traffic in Java by introducing the GE CC206 locomotives, as well as building double-track lines that connect Jakarta and Surabaya on the North Coast line to increase the number of container trains between both cities. Many container ports have also been built in intermediate cities and towns. This effort has already attracted some customers who normally shipped their products via road.

A GE CC206 Locomotive departs with empty coal train in 2015's above

The system in South Sumatra is rather freight-oriented. Coal unit trains, carrying coal for an electricity plant is given priority over passenger trains, and Pulp unit trains to transport pulp for paper mills. In West Sumatra, the remaining railway line serves the cement plant at Indarung, near Padang, and in North Sumatra, several oil palm and rubber plantations are served by freight trains.

In Papua, Freeport Indonesia uses underground trains to carry ore from mine to mill.[45]

Urban rail and rail-based rapid transit[edit]

A KRL Commuterline electric train takes stop on the Tugu Yogyakarta station, Yogyakarta, December 2020. This set is JR-205-9 train, which is now returned to Jakarta, operated for Bogor Line only.

Trams formerly existed in Jakarta, Surabaya, Malang, and Semarang before their service was closed after independence. In Jakarta the tram lines are operated using track gauge 1,188 mm (3 ft 10+25⁄32 in) operated by Bataviasche Verkeers Maatschappij and Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta, while in other areas track gauge 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) were used.

In Greater Jakarta, KRL Commuterline and Jabodebek LRT is operational urban rail network, serving commuter routes which comprises cities of DKI Jakarta, Depok, Bogor, Bekasi, Tangerang, and South Tangerang as well as regencies of Bogor, Bekasi, and Lebak. The other operational urban rail networks are Jakarta provincially-owned Jakarta MRT, Jakarta LRT, and Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link to support the public transport network in the area.

Regional rail functions as commuter rail in Greater Surabaya, so technically there is no urban rail network. However, there are plans for a mass rapid transit network in and around Surabaya.[46] A 32 km diesel line from Mojokerto to Sidoarjo has been put into service, with 6 daily return trips.[citation needed]

Greater Medan is served by Kualanamu Airport Rail Link. Sri Lelawangsa commuter train connects Medan and nearby Binjai.

In Palembang, Palembang Light Rail Transit had operate in June 2018, before the 2018 Asian Games.[47]

In greater Yogyakarta and Surakarta, KAI Commuter Yogyakarta Line operates between Yogyakarta, Klaten and Surakarta. Prambanan Express connects Yogyakarta with Purworejo. Yogyakarta International and Adisumarmo Airport Rail Links exists in Yogyakarta and Surakarta, respectively.

In Padang, Minangkabau Express is in operation.

Tourist rail[edit]

In Indonesia, there are several train lines that were built for tourist destinations, such as the Gamplong tram line in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta using 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) track gauge,[48] the Ancol mini train line in Jakarta using 620 mm (2 ft 13⁄32 in) track gauge, and the Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) tourist mini train line in Jakarta using 600 mm track gauge. In addition to operating mini trains, TMII also operates SHS-23 Aeromovel Indonesia or Titihan Samirono, a light rail which was initially a wind-powered aeromovel.[49]

Industrial railway[edit]

Sugar cane[edit]

Sugar cane train hauled by steam locomotive in PG Sindanglaut, Cirebon Regency, June 2003
Sugar cane train hauled by diesel locomotive in PG Rejosari, Madiun Regency, June 2003

The use of trains as transport from plantations dates back to the 1800s. In the past, to transport sugar cane from plantations to sugar factories, sugar mill companies used narrow gauge trains to transport their sugar cane products. Around the 1970s, the transportation of sugarcane from plantations to factories began using trucks. Since the early 90s, transportation of sugarcane from plantations in Indonesia has been almost entirely using trucks due to lower operational costs, time efficiency, and the reduction in sugarcane land around the sugar factory area.

In addition, due to the increasingly rapid development of transportation, road infrastructure is getting better, and lorries are getting old and slow, over time the use of lorry trains is no longer used, although until now there are still some sugar factories that still operate trains to sugarcane plantations.[50] In addition, some of the train lines are used for tourism, some use steam locomotives and also diesel locomotives. Most of the sugarcane rail lines are operated by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IX[51]

The use of track gauges in sugar factories in Indonesia varies from place to place, for example:

  • Track gauge 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in), used in PG Djatiwangi Majalengka, PG Djatibarang Brebes, PG Pangka Tegal, PG Cepiring Kendal, PG Soedhono Ngawi, PG Tulangan Sidoarjo, PG Gendhing Probolinggo, and PG Pandji Situbondo.
  • Track gauge 670 mm, only used in PG Kadhipaten Majalengka.
  • Track gauge 700 mm (2 ft 3+9⁄16 in), used in PG Gempol Cirebon, PG Tersana Baru Cirebon, PG Ketanggungan Barat Brebes, PG Soemberhardjo Pemalang, PG Rendeng Kudus, PG Kalibagor Banyumas, PG Gondang Winangoen Klaten, PG Kartasoera Surakarta, PG Rejosarie Magetan, PG Poerwodadie Magetan, PG Arasoe Bone Sulawesi, PG Sragie Pekalongan, and others (almost all sugar factories in Java use this track gauge).
  • Track gauge 720 mm, only used in PG Sindanglaut Cirebon.
  • Track gauge 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in), used in PG Bandjaratma Brebes, PG Pakis Baru Pati, PG Trangkil Pati, PG Ceper Baru Klaten, PG Tjolomadoe Solo, and PG Tasikmadu Karanganyar.

Palm oil[edit]

In Indonesia there are several palm oil companies that operate trains to transport palm fruit, either from oil palm plantations to mills or just as a means of passing. The oil palm carriage is commonly referred to as "Lori Muntik". The palm oil mills are spread across Sumatra and Kalimantan. The track gauge used is 700 mm (2 ft 3+9⁄16 in). Several large palm oil companies that use this train, including PT. Socfindo, PT. BSP, PTPN II, PTPN IV in Sumatra, Sawit Seberang Factory Railway, and several other palm oil mills.[52]

Rubber plantations[edit]

In North Sumatra there is a rubber factory that still operates trains to transport rubber latex to the factory, one of which is PT Bakrie Sumatra Plantations in Kisaran. The train was pulled by a small diesel locomotive made by Hokuriku, Schöma, and several other small locomotives.[53] The track gauge used is 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in). There's also 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) track connecting the facility with the mainline railway.[54]

Mining & oil transport[edit]

PT Freeport Indonesia, which is a mining company, operates underground mining trains to facilitate the transportation of copper, gold and silver ore materials to the processing plant location at Mile 74, Tembagapura, Mimika, Papua. The locomotive used is the MMT-M-270-BDE diesel locomotive made by Schalker Eisenhütte Maschinenfabrik, Germany.[55]

Cikotok, Banten formerly known as one of the gold mining areas in Indonesia operated by PT. Antam. In order to smooth the flow of raw gold distribution, a railway line was operated. The train used is a small train with a track gauge of about 700mm. However, because the gold stock here ran out, in 2016 the mine was closed and only ruins were left, as well as the Cirotan mine monument which contained an artificial diesel locomotive Deutz-Fahr on display at that place. Apart from Cikotok, PT Antam also operates mining rail lines in other areas, one of which is in Bogor, West Java[56][full citation needed]

In Sebelimbingan, Pulau Laut, South Borneo there is a relic Dutch coal mine. At that time, a railway line was built from the mine site which was used to transport coal to the port and later brought it to the Netherlands. Now the mines and railroad tracks are just ruins. In addition, in several other areas in South Kalimantan mining railway lines have also been built, such as in Amuntai, Martapura, several other places.[57]

Until around the 1950s, the oil refinery that is now owned by Pertamina in Balikpapan still operated mini trains with small track gauges to transport oil from the refinery to the port. Currently there is no relic left.[58]

High-speed rail[edit]

Main article: High-speed rail in Indonesia
KCIC 400 in Tegalluar Station, Bandung

In recent decades, Java's transportation backbones — north coast road and railway system that serves Jakarta-Surabaya corridor, has suffered greatly from both freight and passenger congestion.[59] The plan to build a high-speed railway system in Java has been around for many years. However, it was not until 2008 that the idea had been contemplated seriously. It was Japan International Cooperation Agency's proposal that initiated the idea to build high-speed rail for the Indonesian island of Java, linking up the densely populated corridor from the capital Jakarta to Surabaya city (covering 730 km) in East Java.[60][61] Japan is eager to export their Shinkansen high-speed rail technology abroad. Following up JICA's initial study in 2012, the detailed feasibility study was concluded in 2014. In recent years, Indonesia has been undergoing a revival in railway expansion and upgrades. The high-speed rail corridors have been proposed but not implemented yet, since it was deemed too costly.

In April 2015, China had entered the race with a counter-offer to build the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail in Indonesia.[62] A bid which alarmed Japan that has been nurtured the idea for years.

In July 2015, the Indonesian government announced their plan to build the high-speed rail system connecting Jakarta and Bandung, and devised a competition between Japan and China train-makers as potential bidders. Japan and China have expressed their interest in the project; both countries had done comprehensive studies of the project.[63]

In late September 2015, Indonesia awarded this multibillion-dollar railway project to China over Japan.[64][65]

The proposed high-speed rail will connect the nation's capital Jakarta with Bandung city in neighboring West Java province, covering a distance of 150 kilometers, and is also expected to expand further, connecting to Indonesia's second largest city, Surabaya in East Java.[63]

The project has been delayed several times, first due to careless construction that affected nearby roads, then due to coronavirus pandemic restrictions.[citation needed]

In December 2015 discussion for the Jakarta-Surabaya high-speed rail was commenced by the Indonesian Coordinating Minister of Maritime and Resources. Academicians from two major universities in Indonesia, and employees from Japan International Cooperation Agency, were invited to attend the discussion.[66][67]

In May 2020, coordinating Economics Minister Airlangga Hartarto announced that the government had decided to extend the China-backed Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway project to Surabaya. The line would run along a southern route to connect the Jakarta-Bandung project with Surabaya via Kertajati, where the government recently built a new airport, as well as via Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Meanwhile, Japan is working on the Java North Line Upgrading Project, which would connect Jakarta and Surabaya with a route along the northern coast of Java via Cirebon in West Java and Semarang in Central Java. A proposed travel speed of 150 km per hour for the 720-km railway connection would allow for the use of existing tracks, hence resulting in the lower development cost of about $5 billion.[68]

In 2023, the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Rail construction partially finished and is set to start commercial operation starting October 2023.[69] The Jakarta-Bandung HSR began trial operation with passengers on 7 September 2023 and commercial operations on 2 October 2023.[70] Indonesia and Chinese authorities discussed further plans to extend the railway across the Java island, from Jakarta to Surabaya[71][72] with estimates 3.5 hours from Jakarta to Surabaya.[73]

List of all locomotives in Indonesia[edit]

Main article: List of locomotives in Indonesia

Laws and regulations[edit]

Indonesian Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Indonesian Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Before creating their own laws and regulations, Indonesian rail transport laws and regulations were inherited from Dutch East Indies laws, including:[74]

  • Algemeene Regelen betreffende den Aanleg en de Exploitatie van Spoor en Tramwegen, bestemd voor Algemeen Verkeer in Nederlandsch-Indië (Dutch East Indies Construction and Operation of Railways and Tramways for General Traffic Act)
  • Algemeene Bepalingen betreffendede Spoor en Tramwegen (Railways and Tramways Act)
  • Bepalingen betreffende den Aanleg en het Bedrijf der Spoorwegen (Regulation on Construction and Operation of Railways)
  • Bepalingen voor de stadstramwegen (Regulation on Urban Tramways)
  • Bepalingen Landelijke Tramwegen (Regulation on Rural Tramways)
  • Bepalingen betreffende het Vervoer over Spoorwegen (Regulation on Transport by Rail)
  • Industriebaan Ordonnantie (Industrial Railways Ordinance)

In 1992, President Suharto passed the 1992 Indonesian Railways Act No. 13, replacing all the regulations above. On the end of March 2007, the People's Representative Council had passed the current law replacing 1992 act, the 2007 Indonesian Railways Act. In the current law, private and regional investors have a chance to manage rail transport, so the domination and monopoly of the KAI were abolished.[75]

Accidents and incidents[edit]

This is an incomplete chronological list of railway accidents and incidents in Indonesia.

List of railway accidents and incidents in Indonesia[edit]

Railway accidents may be classified by their effects (e.g.: head-on collisions, rear-end collisions, side collisions, derailments, fires, explosions, etc.), or by cause (e.g.: driver and signalman error; mechanical failure of rolling stock, tracks and bridges; vandalism, sabotage and terrorism; level crossing misuse and trespassing; natural causes such as flooding and fog; hazards of dangerous goods carried; effectiveness of brakes; and adequacy of operating rules).

The following is a list of train accidents in Indonesia.[76] Note that if you add a new accident, you must mention the reference. Otherwise, the section will be deleted.

1940s[edit]

  • December 25, 1944 - A passenger train derailed into the valley around Lembah Anai, Padang Panjang, West Sumatra. A total of 200 people were killed and 250 were seriously injured. This train accident in Lembah Anai is the worst train accident in Indonesia and number seven in the world, in history. [77]
  • March 23, 1945 - Another train crashed at the Lembah Anai bridge, West Sumatra, possibly due to loss of brakes. Casualties were estimated to be in the hundreds.[78]

1950s[edit]

  • May 12, 1955 - At around 13:00, Tjepat 35 train with Yogyakarta-Bandung relation crashed at Manonjaya section, Ciamis. This incident caused 1 locomotive to overturn and 3 trains to fall crosswise. This incident caused 39 people killed and 60 others seriously injured.
  • May 28, 1959 - At 07:30 am, the Tjepat 31 train with relation Banjar-Bandung train crashed and rolled over at km 242+5/6 of the Trowek (now Cirahayu)-Cipeundeuy section. There are 2 versions that mention the cause of this accident, 1. Because of the train's push after the train departed, 2. Someone suddenly disconnected the train. The train rolled until it toppled over. This incident resulted in 185 deaths and 200 injuries.[79]

1960s[edit]

  • September 24, 1962 - A train suffered a brake failure and plummeted to the bottom of a ravine in the section between Trowek (now Cirahayu)-Cipeundeuy, not many references explain this accident, but recorded in a magazine, this accident also made the government issue a law on accident insurance funds[80]. This incident resulted in 130 people killed.[81]
  • April 11, 1968 -At around 10:15 pm, the boiler of steam locomotive CC5002 exploded while stopping at Sukatani railway station, which at that time was still called Bendul. As a result, the main building of the station was badly damaged and claimed the lives of the machinist, train attendant, and a prospective assistant machinist as well as 3 other people who were at the scene. Meanwhile, the head of the station as well as PPKA also became victims. After the incident, the station had to be renovated and PNKA decided to rename the station to Sukatani.[82]

September 20, 1968 - At around 7:30 am there was a collision between Train 406 and Train 309 in the area of Ratu Jaya, Cipayung, Depok. This incident resulted in 116 people killed and 84 people injured. This accident is known as the Ratujaya 1968 train collision.[83]

1970s[edit]

  • June 6, 1972 - A Perhutani pine wood transport train rolled over near Cukanghaur stop, on the Ciwidey-Soreang line. The accident killed the brakeman and the trader in the carriage.[84]
  • June 17, 1973 - At around 19:50, Train 75 Pandanaran (with locomotive BB200 35) collided with Train 2620 (with locomotive CC200 01) which experienced engine failure. This incident occurred in line number 1 of Telawa Station emplacement, and caused 11 people dead and 2 locomotives heavily damaged.[85]

1980s[edit]

  • January 21, 1981 - At 03:32 am, the Senja IV train departing from Purwokerto Station and the Maja train departing from Kroya Station collided in the Gunung Payung area, near the Serayu River Bridge. After the collision, both CC 201 locomotives were scrapped in 1986 because it was not possible to revive them.[86]
  • June 28, 1981 - At around 05:55 am, train 41 Mutiara Timur crashed before entering Rogojampi station, East Java, one train was thrown into the Lugonto river and the other crashed off the tracks, this incident caused 11 people killed, 20 people seriously injured and 25 others slightly injured.[87]
  • October 19, 1987 - At around 06:45 am, Local 225 Rangkas train collided with oncoming 220 Cepat Merak train (head-to-head collision) in Pondok Betung area, Bintaro, Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta. The accident was caused by the mistake of the head of Kebayoran Station who dispatched the Train 220 without informing the head of Sudimara Station that the two trains crossed at Sudimara Station. The incident left 156 people dead and more than 300 injured. This incident is known as the Bintaro Tragedy I..[88][89]

1990s[edit]

  • November 2, 1993 - At 11:30 am, there was a collision between electric railroad trains in the Ratu Jaya area of Depok city, known as the 1993 Ratu Jaya train accident.[90]
  • October 24, 1995 - at 00:10, two combined Kahuripan and Galuh trains crashed in Kadipaten, Tasikmalaya, precisely in the Trowek area (now around Cirahayu Station). This incident caused the train to enter a ravine and two locomotives, CC 201 05 and CC 201 75R were badly damaged and had to undergo major repairs. which also claimed the death and injury victims were on the train that entered the ravine.[91]
  • February 7, 1998 - A two Parahyangan trains from opposite directions collided at Sadang Station, East Java. 52 passengers were injured.[92]

2000s[edit]

  • April 18, 2000 - There was a chain reaction accident between container train KA 2246, animal transport train KA 2002, and Argo Bromo train KA 5 near Kosambi Station. 3 stowaways on the animal transportation train were killed.[93][94]
  • May 1, 2000 - There was a goat fight accident between two local trains drawn by BB304 and BB306 on the section of road between Sudimara Station and Rawa Buntu Station. 5 passengers were killed.[95]
  • June 28, 2000 - A Coal train derailed in Lembah Anai, West Sumatra. At that time many stowaways boarded the coal train, but the train lost control and rolled over until it fell into a ravine. This incident left 19 people dead and 20 others injured.
  • August 19, 2000 - There was a accident between Coal Train 228 pulled by CC20176R and KRL 628 Hitachi on the plot between Kampung Bandan Station and Angke Station. This incident killed 3 people, two of whom were PT KAI officers.
  • December 25, 2001 - At around 04:33 a.m., Empu Jaya train with journey number 146 crashed into Gaya Baru Malam Selatan train with journey number 153 which was waiting to cross at track 3 emplacement of Ketanggungan Barat Station, Brebes, Central Java. The collision occurred because train 146 violated the red signal (a sign that the train must stop). This incident resulted in 31 people killed and 53 others seriously injured including the driver of Train 146.[96]
  • June 10, 2002, at around 11:45 a.m., locomotive BB 306 15 carrying 7 wagons of cement (KKW) collided with coal train number KA-2807 pulled by locomotive BB 204 10, carrying 8 wagons of coal (KKBW) and pushing locomotive BB 306 14. The collision occurred at the Koto Luar crossing at kilometer 11+450 on the Pauh Lima-Indarung road.[97]
  • December 9, 2002 - At 22:50 WIB, Argo Dwipangga train with Solo Balapan-Gambir route crashed in Sarwagadung-Mirit Village, Prembun, Kebumen, Central Java. In the accident, five train passengers were killed and dozens were injured. The cause of the accident was a rail that shifted due to a box truck that passed through the tunnel under the train track just before the Argo Dwipangga passed. This was the worst train accident during the Eid backflow in 2002.[98]
  • January 3, 2003 - At 04:45, Bima train from Surabaya to Gambir crashed at km 312+8/9 emplacement of Bumiayu Station, Wesel no. 13A Plotted road between Kretek Station-Linggapura Lintas Kroya-Cirebon. There were no casualties..[99]
  • April 21, 2003 - At 2:25 pm, a long coal train (Babaranjang) B19 crashed at km 8+470, road section between Tanjungkarang-Tarahan Station, Sumur Putri Village, Garuntang District, Bandar Lampung. There were no casualties.[100]
  • May 14, 2003 At 12:40, Sancaka train line from Surabaya to Yogyakarta crashed at km 204. There were no casualties.[101]
  • May 30, 2003 - At 09:27, train 122 Fajar Utama Semarang crashed at km 156+0/3 emplacement of Kedokangabus Station. There were no casualties.[102]
  • July 30, 2003 - At 00.35, train 1404 carrying Pertamina fuel oil (BBM) with a total train weight of 855 tons crashed and several cars rolled over. There were no casualties.[103]
  • August 1, 2003 - At 09:40, train 84 Kamandanu on the Gambir-Semarang Tawang route crashed at km 52+600 to 53+100 between Lemahabang Station and Kedunggedeh, East Cikarang District, Bekasi Regency, West Java. A total of 6 passengers were seriously injured and 12 passengers suffered minor injuries.[104]
  • October 4, 2003 - A KRL Holec KL3-97242F serving KA 490 (Economy) bound for Bogor crashed into the tail of KA 488 served by KRL Holec KL3-94212F on the road between Cilebut station and Bogor station. 39 passengers were injured.[90][105]
  • October 27, 2003 - At 12:05, Argo Bromo Anggrek train on Surbaya Pasar Turi-Gambir route crashed at km 38+420 on the road between Karangjati-Gubug station, Grobogan regency, Central Java.[106]
  • May 19, 2005 - Fajar Utama Ekspres Lampung train pulled by locomotive CC201 121R crashed into Babaranjang train. Four people died and locomotive CC201 121R was retired.[107]
  • April 14, 2006 - At 02:15 in the morning in Grobogan. Kertajaya train with driver Nurhadi collided with Sembrani train with driver Muhadi. A total of 14 people were killed. It all started when the Kertajaya train entered Gubug Station from Jakarta. At that time, Kertajaya entered on Line 1. Gumarang train then entered Gubug Station on line 2. After Gumarang passed, as if impatient, Kertajaya train moved out of the station and entered line 2. In fact, at that time Kertajaya train had not been given the signal to go. When Kertajaya train entered track 2, suddenly Sembrani train with driver Muhadi came from Jakarta at high speed, and a violent collision was inevitable. Both locomotives that collided, CC 201 135R (Kertajaya train) and CC 203 39 (Sembrani train) were severely damaged and almost shapeless, the CC 201 135R locomotive was then transferred to Sumatra in 2007.[108]
  • April 14, 2006 - At 05:40, there was a collision between CPO boiler trains at Perbaungan Station, this incident caused the Divre 1 cross line to be paralyzed for two days. Two people were killed and three others were seriously injured.[109][110]
  • April 18, 2006 - KRL Pakuan Ekspres majoring in Jakarta-Bogor crashed into Metromini S-64 majoring in Pasar Minggu-Cililitan. Five people died on the spot, one died at the hospital, while one other person is still in critical condition. The incident occurred when the Metromini was about to pass the Duren Kalibata railroad crossing, South Jakarta, under the Kalibata overpass at around 3pm. According to an eyewitness, the accident occurred because the Metromini was held up because right in front of it there was another transportation that was stopped. Although the driver had honked repeatedly for the other transportation to move forward, it was ignored.[111]
  • 1 November 2006, kereta eksekutif Parahyangan, rute Bandung–Jakarta, anjlok di Kampung Babakan, Tanjungpura, Karawang. Tidak ada korban.[112]
  • November 1, 2006 - Parahyangan executive train, Bandung-Jakarta route, crashed in Babakan Village, Tanjungpura, Karawang. There were no victims.[113]
  • December 11, 2006 - Mutiara Timur train, route Surabaya-Banyuwangi, crashed in Randuagung village, Lumajang, East Java. There were no casualties.
  • December 13, 2006 - Sawunggalih executive train, Kutoarjo-Jakarta route, crashed in Karangsari, Cilongok, Banyumas, Central Java. There were no casualties.[114]
  • January 2, 2007 - A commuter train 241 on the Jakarta-Bojong Gede route crashed on line 10 of }Jakarta Kota Station, West Jakarta. There were no victims.[115]
  • January 16, 2007 - In the early hours of the morning, a Bengawan train carrying Solo-Tanahabang route broke down in Cilongok District, Banyumas Regency, Central Java. Five passengers were reported dead, hundreds were injured as a result of this incident. Of the five dead, three of them have been identified. Bengawan train was carrying 12 cars, car 4 fell into the river, while cars 5 to 12 tilted on the tracks.[116]
  • January 29, 2007 - Bengawan economy train, Solo-Jakarta route, crashed at Bangoduwa Station, Klangenan, Cirebon, West Java. There were no casualties.[117]
  • January 31, 2007 - Sancaka business train, Surabaya-Yogyakarta route, crashed in Nganjuk, East Java. There were no casualties.[118]
  • February 2, 2007 - At 08.20 am, Sribilah train collided with a freight train, at the exit track of Rantau Prapat Station, North Sumatra. The initial suspicion was that the cause of the collision was due to the officer neglecting to move the railroad tracks in and out of the train. The collision resulted in 9 serious injuries and 26 minor injuries.[119]
  • February 6, 2007 - At 12:20 pm. Putri Hijau train rolled over near Teluk Mengkudu railway station, due to sabotage of telephone installation using stone slabs, but the stone was shifted and covered the train track. This incident caused the locomotive and 2 economic series to roll over, there were no casualties but the injured reached dozens of people, and this incident caused the Divre 1 Line to be completely paralyzed for 1 day.[120]
  • March 25, 2007 - At 10:00 a.m., Rapih Dhoho train, Blitar-Surabaya route, crashed into a double truck loaded with fertilizer in Sumbergarum village, Garum sub-district, Blitar district, 1.5 km from Garum station. The accident site is known to have no railroad crossing gates. There were no casualties from this accident but it paralyzed train traffic on the local line.[121]
  • March 26, 2007 - At 15:27 pm, Mutiara Timur train from Banyuwangi with the destination Surabaya, hit three cars and one motorcycle. The train doors were not closed and the siren was not sounded. As a result, three people died and five others were injured.[122]
  • April 7, 2007 - At 03.10, Tawang Jaya train from Jakarta to Semarang crashed in Surodadi, Tegal regency, Central Java causing the death of an 8-month-old baby, while 14 other passengers were injured.[123]
  • April 21, 2007 - At 03.25, Serayu (train), Senen-Kroya route, crashed in Cilengkrang, Cibatu, Garut, West Java. A total of three carriages fell into a 30-meter deep ravine on the edge of the train tracks. 40 people were injured and 6 others were seriously injured.[124]
  • April 21, 2007 - At 12:15, Argo Lawu train from Solo to Gambir crashed in Purwokerto area. There were no casualties.[125]
  • August 5, 2007 - a train loaded with cement majoring Indarung-Teluk Bayur rolled over in Kampung Juar area of Padang, West Sumatra. 14 out of 20 crashed and rolled over, There were no casualties in the incident, the cause of which is not yet known.[126]
  • August 12, 2007 - the Gumarang train majoring in Surabaya-Jakarta at Kramat hamlet, Mangunsari village, Tegowanu sub-district, Grobogan district, crashed. Dozens of people were injured. The accident was allegedly caused by an act of sabotage by certain parties. This suspicion is corroborated by the fact that one of the rail sections was cut with a five-meter-long saw and the locking bolt was removed. However, the rail was not taken away, but left in place.[127]
  • August 17, 2007 - at 4:05 pm; a freight train carrying 20 container gates from Surabaya to Jakarta crashed at Plabuan Station, Batang regency, Central Java.[128]
  • July 4, 2008 - Two trains collided on track two of Sengon Station, Purwosari, Pasuruan, East Java. The collision occurred because locomotive BB301 21 without cars coming down from Malang had malfunctioning brakes. As a result, the locomotive, run by driver Harianto, could not stop on track 2 of Sengon Station. At the same time, the fuel train pulled by locomotive CC 203 27 from Bangil, run by driver Katnadi, also entered track 2. As a result, the collision was unavoidable. As a result of the head-on collision, both locomotives suffered serious damage. Both faces of the locomotives were damaged, including a series of fuel cars. Because the position of the collision was right above the crossing line, all train trips from Surabaya to Malang via Bangil, or vice versa, were delayed.[129]
  • October 30, 2008 - A train 421 Economy AC served by ex-Toei 6000 train 6181F was overtaken by train 1001 Antaboga behind WTC Mangga Dua, just a few hundred meters before Kampung Bandan Station. This incident was caused by the 1001 train driver who violated the entry signal and hit the slow-moving KA 421.[130]
  • December 22, 2008 - At 16:30 pm. Putri deli train crashed before entering Medan Station as a result of broken rail pads, this resulted in 2 trains and the locomotive being overturned, and two people were injured.[131]
  • January 23, 2009 - Antaboga container train was hit by Rajawali train at high speed at Kapas Station, Bojonegoro. This was caused by the PPKA not moving the switch to the empty second track. From the incident, it was recorded that the driver of the Antaboga container train and his assistant were killed in the wrecked locomotive.[132]
  • June 5, 2009 - a KRL hit a fellow KRL near Manggarai Station. Travel was hampered by a temporary power outage until the situation was restored.[133]
  • August 4, 2009 - at 10:28 a.m., train 221 Pakuan Ekspres crashed into train 549 Ekonomi which broke down at Pondok Rumput, Tanah Sareal about 2 km from Bogor Station. As a result of this incident Pakuan Ekspres technician died and dozens of passengers were injured. The two trains involved, Toei electric rail train 6000 series 6151F and BN-Holec electric rail train KL3-97234 were severely damaged.[134]
  • September 4, 2009 - A locomotive CC201 44 pulling Penataran train rolled over after hitting a buffalo owned by herder Rasim, in Singosari, Malang, East Java. The driver was killed, while 5 passengers were slightly injured and 1 passenger was seriously injured. As a result, PT KA Daop VIII Surabaya charged Rasim as a suspect, as well as 10 billion in damages for the incident.[135]

2010s[edit]

  • June 29, 2010 - The Logawa train crashed and rolled over in Petung hamlet, Pajaran, Saradan, Madiun, East Java, about 1 kilometer from the Madiun-Nganjuk border. Six passengers were crushed to death. It is suspected that the train rolled over due to its high speed while traveling on a turning track.[136]
  • September 8, 2010 - at 13:00 WIB, there was a collision between Sribilah train and CPO freight train in North Sumatra, this happened because Sribilah had not fully entered the wesel which caused the CPO train to hit the final train of Sribilah train, there were no casualties in this event, but caused almost all trips that day to be canceled due to the overturned and downed locomotive that covered the railroad track.[137]
  • October 2, 2010 - Petarukan train collision - At 02.45 am, occurred between train 4 Argo Bromo Anggrek and train 116 Senja Utama Semarang, which were waiting for a crossing at Petarukan Station, Pemalang, Central Java. Train 116 Senja Utama Semarang entered track 3 to cross train 101 Senja Kediri and was followed by train 4 Argo Bromo Anggrek. While waiting to be overtaken, KA 116 was suddenly hit from behind by KA 4 which violated the entry signal. The death toll reached 36 and dozens were injured. The crew of Train 4 violated the signal because they were later found to be experiencing microsleep.[138]
  • October 2, 2010 - at 3 a.m., a train collision also occurred at Purwosari Station, where train 34 Bima grazed the rearmost train of train 144 Gaya Baru Malam Selatan which stopped at Purwosari Station. Gaya Baru Malam Selatan train entered track 1 to be followed by Bima train, but the rearmost train of Gaya Baru Malam Selatan train did not fully enter track 1, which made the straight line blocked by GBMS train. As a result, Bima train grazed the rear set of Gaya Baru Malam Selatan train and caused one passenger dead and 4 people injured. The mistake of PPKA Purwosari Station was the cause of this accident.
  • November 9, 2010 - Cirebon Ekspres train 60, Gambir-Cirebon relation, crashed at Telagasari Station, Indramayu, West Java. There were no casualties in the incident, but the train schedule through the North Java route was delayed.
  • November 28, 2010 - A train 1 Argo Bromo Anggrek from Surabaya Pasarturi Station to Gambir with locomotive number CC203 21 crashed into a truck with police number S 8584 C in Kebonsari Village, Sukodadi District, Lamongan, East Java. The three victims were truck passengers Sunaji (35), Mulyadi (35) and Sutrisno (32) the truck driver, all residents of Cendoro Village, Palang, Tuban, East Java. The accident occurred at around 09.00 am. At that time the truck loaded with barn stones was traveling from the east (Surabaya). Arriving at the scene, the truck turned left onto the railroad track.[139]
  • January 28, 2011 - there was a collision between Mutiara Selatan train to Bandung and Kutojaya Selatan train to Kutoarjo, which was waiting to cross with Mutiara Selatan train at Langen Station, Banjar regency, West Java. However, Mutiara Selatan train broke the signal and went straight into track 3. The collision was inevitable, both locomotives, CC201 62 and CC203 11 were damaged on the front.[140]
  • January 4, 2011 - at around 1:15 pm, Gajayana train was running without locomotive from Malang Station. The train then broke the safety wall and crashed into three houses. This accident resulted in the death of one child and the injury of another.[141]
  • February 2012 - there was a collision between Babaranjang Train to Tanjung Enim and Kertapati Station coal train to Sukacinta Station, South Sumatra. 4 people died on the spot, 2 locomotives, namely CC202 16 and CC201 83R were wrecked and burned. As a result of this accident, four victims died instantly due to entrapment and this accident resulted in PT KAI losing both locomotives due to retirement..[142]
  • March 22, 2012 - A locomotive CC 201 98 (CC 201 92 08) which had been transferred to South Sumatra, had an accident while pulling Barapati train in Prabumulih, caught fire and could no longer be operated.
  • October 4, 2012 - Commuter Line 435 to Jakarta Kota Station derailed at Cilebut Station, the station platform was damaged due to being hit by train 3. As a result of this incident, the Commuter Line travel schedule only reached Bojong Gede Station and Bogor Station was closed because the train could not pass.[143]
  • On December 9, 2013 - a Commuter Line train with the TM 7021F series crashed into a Pertamina tanker truck carrying 24,000 liters of premium fuel at the Bintaro railway crossing in South Jakarta. This accident occurred allegedly because the doorstop was not functioning. KRL Commuter Line majoring Serpong-Tanah Abang Station number 1131 departed from Serpong at around 11:01 am, but was slightly late due to air conditioning repairs. After that, it departed for Pondok Ranji. that's where the mistake began to occur. The tanker truck passed through the crossing, not far away the KRL came. The officer immediately raised the red flag. The KRL could not brake suddenly and finally at 11.25 there was a collision. At around 11:30, there were three explosions.[144]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Indonesia's Railway Renaissance - The Diplomat". The Diplomat. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  2. ^ "Jumlah Barang Melalui Transportasi Kereta Api Menurut Pulau, 2006-2015 (Ribuan Ton)". Badan Pusat Statistik. Archived from the original on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  3. ^ "Seberapa Panjang Jalan Raya dan Jalur Kereta di Indonesia?". goodstats.id. 27 April 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  4. ^ Teguh, Irfan (6 January 2019). "Kisah Terowongan Sasaksaat dan Lampegan". Tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  5. ^ Kautsar, Nurul Diva (31 May 2020). "Jadi Jembatan Kereta Api Terpanjang di Indonesia, Ini 4 Fakta Cikubang yang Melegenda". Merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Stasiun Pasar Turi Surabaya Terendah di Indonesia, Kok Bisa?". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 30 January 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  7. ^ Osman, Nurfika (14 November 2012). "Central Kalimantan's $2.8b coal railway to kick off early next year". Jakarta Post.
  8. ^ Hajramurni, Andi (25 November 2015). "Jokowi promises more funding for Trans-Sulawesi rail project". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  9. ^ Chan, Francis; Soeriaatmadja, Wahyudi (4 September 2017). "Indonesia's national rail network aims for more growth, less inequality". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  10. ^ "Indonesia looking to extend railway network by 2030". New Straits Times. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  11. ^ Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Republik Indonesia tentang Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Jenis dan Tarif atas Jenis Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak yang Berlaku pada Direktorat Jenderal Perkeretaapian [The Ministry of Transportation Regulation on Instructions for Implementing Types and Rates of Non-Tax State Revenues Applicable to the Directorate General of Railways] (PM 84, 10) (in Indonesian). 2016.
  12. ^ Sujadi 2016, p. 114.
  13. ^ Rastika 2011.
  14. ^ Black, John (2016). "3. National Railway System". In Loo, Becky P. Y.; Comtois, Claude (eds.). Sustainable Railway Futures. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 9781409452430.
  15. ^ Jatmiko, Bambang Priyo, ed. (10 December 2013). "Pemerintah Bangun Jalur KA Trans Sumatra Mulai 2014". KOMPAS.com.
  16. ^ "The slow train | the Jakarta Globe". Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
  17. ^ "Molek, Alat Transportasi Khas Bengkulu Utara". nationalgeographic.grid.id (in Indonesian). 30 November 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  18. ^ "Gold Mine Railways in Sumatra". internationalsteam.co.uk. 20 June 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  19. ^ "Railways in Kalimantan". sinfin.net. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  20. ^ Railway Gazette International November 2010, p56
  21. ^ "RZD to finish building Kalimantan railway in 2019". 12 January 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  22. ^ Bahfein, Suhaiela (4 March 2022). Alexander, Hilda (ed.). "Investor Rusia Mundur, Kereta Api Borneo Batal". kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  23. ^ "All aboard! Is an electric rail network in Bali feasible?". Gapura Bali. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  24. ^ "LRT Bali Mulai Dibangun September 2024, Rute Bandara Ngurah Rai-Kuta". detik.com (in Indonesian). 2 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  25. ^ "Gevonden in Delpher - Het nieuws van den dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië". Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië (in Dutch). 14 August 1930. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  26. ^ Nasrul, Fadli; Najamuddin, Najamuddin; Asmunandar, Asmunandar (28 February 2019). "Transportasi Kereta Api Rute Makassar- Takalar (1922- 1930)". Pattingalloang. 5 (3): 1–11. doi:10.26858/pattingalloang.v5i3.8514 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 2686-6463. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  27. ^ "Proyek Kereta Api Sulawesi Lebih Cepat dari Jawa". Tribun Jateng (in Indonesian). 24 October 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  28. ^ Bintang, Amri (30 November 2017). "Buatan PT INKA! Inilah Kereta Inspeksi Trans Sulawesi Milik Kemenhub". KAORI Nusantara (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  29. ^ Ginting, Xenos Zulyunico. "Besok Kereta Api Sulsel Mulai Beroperasi Terbatas, Lewati Rel 66 Km-7 Stasiun". detiksulsel (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  30. ^ Simangunsong, Wasti Samaria (30 October 2022). Tashandra, Nabilla (ed.). "Gratis, Kereta Api di Sulawesi Selatan Selama Uji Coba Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  31. ^ "Papua railway, on the priority list of projects". Railway Pro. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  32. ^ Zafna, Grandyos. "Menilik Kereta Otomatis di Tambang Grasberg Freeport". Detik.
  33. ^ "Institut Pertambangan Nemangkawi".
  34. ^ "Trangkil No.4". Statfold Barn Railway. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  35. ^ Ika, Aprillia, ed. (28 June 2016). "KAI dan GE Teken Kerja Sama Pemeliharaan Lokomotif Selama Delapan Tahun". KOMPAS.com.
  36. ^ "5 Sejarah lokomotif KA terbaik di Indonesia, sudah... - GE Reports Indonesia". Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  37. ^ "KAI Commuter". commuterline.id. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  38. ^ Pitoko, Ridwan Aji (11 June 2018). Djumena, Erlangga (ed.). "Kereta "Sleeper" Beroperasi Besok, Harga Tiket Promo Rp 900.000". KOMPAS.com.
  39. ^ "Indonesia Railway Company Launches Women-Only Carriages". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  40. ^ Laeis, Zuhdiar (15 May 2013). Saputra, Desy (ed.). "Dahlan: yang dihapus kereta khusus wanita, bukan gerbong". Antara.
  41. ^ Adiakurnia, Muhammad Irzal (11 June 2018). Nursastri, Sri Anindiati (ed.). "Luxury Sleeper Train Mulai Beroperasi, Ini Harga Promonya". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  42. ^ "Kereta First Class Hadir di RI, Harga Tiket Rp 900.000". CNBC. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  43. ^ "KAI121 on Instagram: "Bisa senyaman inikah kamu menikmati perjalanan #Mudik2018? Bisa dong! Dapatkan tiket KA #ArgoBromoAnggrekLuxury #SleeperTrain rute Gambir-…"". Instagram. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  44. ^ Sulistyo, Bayu Tri (30 December 2017). "Lokomotif Langsir Krakatau Steel Tiba di Cilegon". Railway Enthusiast Digest.
  45. ^ "PTFI's Grasberg Block Cave. Successfully Wet Commissioned". Freeport Indonesia. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  46. ^ Harsaputra, Indra (22 January 2011). "Railway line to connect airport with downtown Surabaya". The Jakarta Post.
  47. ^ Siregar, Raja Adil (20 May 2017). "Menhub Tinjau LRT Palembang, Pastikan Rampung Sebelum Asian Games". detikfinance. Retrieved 22 May 2017.[permanent dead link]
  48. ^ Rizky, Suryo (2021). "Desa Wisata Gamplong Mini Hollywood Tempat Syuting Bumi Manusia". Pariwisata Indonesia. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  49. ^ "Taman Mini "Indonesia Indah"". Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  50. ^ Browning, John (December 2012). "Diesels in the canefields - Java" (PDF). Light Railways. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. 228. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  51. ^ Semboyan35 Indonesian Railfans - Mblusuk Jalur Lori jaman Belanda
  52. ^ "Penyesalan Selalu Datang Terlambat, Jejak Lori di Sawit Seberang". 10 October 2016.
  53. ^ Lutz, Joachim. "Kuala Lumpur - Penang - Medan - East Java 2008". railways.joachimlutz.de. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  54. ^ Jesser, Scott. "Industrial Railways in North Sumatra, Indonesia, 2017 – Bakri, Bunut". internationalsteam.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  55. ^ MMT-M-270-BDE Lokomotif Yang Beroperasi di Freeport Papua, 17 November 2015
  56. ^ "Buletin Purnantam" (PDF). Buletin Purnantam (in Indonesian). January–June 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  57. ^ Ini Bukti Kalau Sebelimbingan Kota yang Hilang, Masih Ditemukan Rel Kereta Api
  58. ^ Balikpapan Tempo Doeloe – Kereta Api di kilang Pertamina 1950, 9 December 2009
  59. ^ Zakir Hussain, The Straits Times/ANN (28 October 2013). "Jakarta mulls high-speed rail system". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
  60. ^ "Java High Speed Railway Development Project (Phase I)". Japan International Cooperation Agency. 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  61. ^ Harding, Robin; Chilkoti, Avantika; Mitchell, Tom (1 October 2015). "Japan cries foul after Indonesia awards rail contract to China". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  62. ^ "Japan loses Indonesian high-speed railway contract to China". The Japan Times. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  63. ^ a b Sihite, Ezra; Purnamasari, Deti Mega (14 July 2015). "Indonesia Plans 'Beauty Contest' Between China and Japan for High-Speed Train". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  64. ^ Kapoor, Kanupriya (29 September 2015). Fernandez, Clarence (ed.). "Indonesia to award fast train contract to China - Japanese embassy official". Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  65. ^ "Indonesia awards multi-billion-dollar railway project to China over Japan". ABC. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  66. ^ Chandra, Ardan Adhi (12 September 2017). "Mengintip Kajian Rute Kereta Kencang Jakarta-Surabaya". Finance.detik.com. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  67. ^ S, Ari (20 October 2016). "Dengan Kereta Kencang, Jakarta-Surabaya Cuma 4 Jam". Archived from the original on 11 July 2018.
  68. ^ "China or Japan: Indonesia mulls Jakarta-Surabaya railway plans". The Star (Malaysia). 21 September 2021.
  69. ^ "Indonesia set to open Southeast Asia's 1st high-speed rail in October". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  70. ^ "High-speed railway delayed again, but it's for the better, experts say - Regulations".
  71. ^ Sulaiman, Stefanno (6 September 2023). "China, Indonesia discuss extending Jakarta high-speed railway". Reuters.
  72. ^ Ismail, Saifulbahri (14 August 2023). "With Indonesia's high-speed rail set to launch in September, authorities look to Surabaya for phase two". CNA.
  73. ^ Binekasri, Romys (1 November 2023). "Sah! Kereta Cepat Jakarta Surabaya Digarap China". cnbcindonesia.com.
  74. ^ Beyen, K.H. (1929). De spoor- en tramwegwetgeving in Nederlandsch-Indië. Den Dienst der Staatsspoor-en Tramwegen and de Vereniging van Nederlandsch-Indische Spoor- en Tramwegmaatschappijen. pp. 16–17.
  75. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (26 July 2011). "Swasta dan Pemda Bisa Investasi ke KRL". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  76. ^ Daftar Kecelakaan Kereta Api di Indonesia Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine articles.portal-tol.net
  77. ^ "Daftar Kecelakaan Kereta Api Terparah di Indonesia & Dunia". cnbcindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  78. ^ "Monumen Sejarah Kecelakaan Kereta Api di Padang Panjang". infosumbar.net (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  79. ^ "Kecelakaan Kereta Api Di Trowek 1959". roda-sayap.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  80. ^ "LANDASAN FILOSOFIS LAHIRNYA UU NOMOR 33 TAHUN 1964 TENTANG DANA PERTANGGUNGAN WAJIB KECELAKAAN PENUMPANG SERTA KAITANNYA DENGAN KONSEP ASURANSI SOSIAL". achmadnosiutama.blogspot.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  81. ^ "Sejarah Hitam KA Trowek: 335 Tewas di Zona Tengkorak Tasikmalaya". detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  82. ^ PNKA (1968). Album Laporan Penindjauan Ekt Dok ketempat PLH, 16 April 1968. Bandung: Perusahaan Negara Kereta Api.
  83. ^ "5 Kecelakaan Maut di Rel Jabodetabek". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 May 2024.
  84. ^ Abu Fauzan, Hevi. "Kecelakaan di Cukanghaur". SEJARAHBANDUNG.ID (in Indonesian).
  85. ^ "Tabrakan KA di Telawa, 1973 – RODA SAYAP" (in Indonesian). 19 February 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  86. ^ one (19 October 2020). "Ini Deretan Sejarah Kelam Perkeretaapian Indonesia". Minews ID (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  87. ^ "Tragedi di Rogojampi – RODA SAYAP" (in Indonesian). 19 February 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  88. ^ Haryanti, Rosiana (19 October 2019). Wedhaswary, Inggried Dwi (ed.). "Senin Kelam 19 Oktober 1987, Terjadinya Tragedi Bintaro..." Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  89. ^ Slamet Suradio, Masinis KA dalam Tragedi Bintaro 1987[permanent dead link] m.jpnn.com
  90. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Kecelakaan Ratu Jaya2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  91. ^ Aditya, Reza (22 May 2016). "Locomotive Sunday : Saksi Bisu Dua Lokomotif Tragedi Cirahayu - Part 1". KAORI Nusantara. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  92. ^ "Reuters Pictures -". pictures.reuters.com. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  93. ^ "Reuters Pictures - INDONESIA". pictures.reuters.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  94. ^ "Tabrakan 3 Kereta Api, Kosambi". Roda Sayap (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 January 2022.[permanent dead link]
  95. ^ "Reuters Pictures - INDONESIA". pictures.reuters.com. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  96. ^ Tabrakan Kereta di Brebes Tidak Menghambat Perjalanan Kereta Lainnya Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine tempo.co.id
  97. ^ Laporan Investigasi Kecelakaan Kereta Api - Tabrakan Antara Rangkaian yang Ditarik Lokomotif Langsir/Larat dengan Rangkaian Kereta Api KA2807 Batu Bara (PDF). Jakarta: Komite Nasional Keselamatan Transportasi. 2003.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  98. ^ Liputan6.com (10 December 2002). "KA Dwipangga Anjlok, Tiga Penumpang Tewas". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 May 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  99. ^ Dephub: Lembaran Temuan Data dan Informasi Lapangan: Kecelakaan Rangkaian Kereta Bima, tanggal 03 Januari 2003, lokasi di Wesel nomor 13A Km 313+8/9 Emplasmen Stasiun Bumiayu Antara Stasiun Kretek - Linggapura[permanent dead link]
  100. ^ Ibid. Kecelakaan KA Babaranjang di km 8+470, petak antara Tanjung Karang-Tarahan[permanent dead link]
  101. ^ Ibid. Kecelakaan KA Sancaka di km 204[permanent dead link]
  102. ^ Liputan6.com. "KA Fajar Utama Anjlok Lagi". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 May 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  103. ^ Ibid. Kecelakaan KA Ketel 1404[permanent dead link]
  104. ^ Ibid. Laporan Kecelakaan KA Kamandanu 84[permanent dead link]
  105. ^ foto, Charisma Adristy-periset (9 December 2013). "Beberapa Kecelakaan KRL dalam Sejarah". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  106. ^ Ibid. Laporan Kecelakaan KA Argo Bromo Anggrek 1Template:Pranala mati
  107. ^ Ibid. Kecelakaan KA FU Ekspres Lampung[permanent dead link]
  108. ^ Ibid. Kecelakaan KA Kertajaya[permanent dead link]
  109. ^ "Tabrakan Kereta Api Barang di Medan, Dua Tewas". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). 15 April 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  110. ^ "Tabrakan KA di Sumut Lantaran Petugas Tertidur". detikcom. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  111. ^ Liputan6.com (18 April 2006). "KRL Pakuan Menghajar Metromini, Delapan Tewas". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 May 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  112. ^ AntaraNews: Parahyangan Terbalik di Karawang, Empat Gerbong Keluar Rel
  113. ^ AntaraNews: Parahyangan Terbalik di Karawang, Empat Gerbong Keluar Rel
  114. ^ SuaraMerdeka.com: Sudah 7 KA yang Anjlok[permanent dead link]
  115. ^ AntaraNews: KRL Bojonggede Jakarta Anjlok di Stasiun Kota
  116. ^ Dephub. Laporan Kecelakaan KA Bengawan 2007[permanent dead link]
  117. ^ Detikcom: Kronologi Anjloknya KA Bengawan
  118. ^ SuaraMerdeka.com: KA Sancaka Anjlok di Nganjuk[permanent dead link]
  119. ^ AntaraNews: Dua dari Tiga Kecelakaan KA di Sumut Akibat Sabotase
  120. ^ https://www.facebook.com/detikcom. "KA Jurusan Medan-Tanjung Balai Anjlok di Desa Mata Pao". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 July 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help); External link in |last= (help)
  121. ^ Kereta Seruduk Truk di Blitar Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine news.detik.com
  122. ^ Detikcom: KA Tabrak 3 Mobil di Surabaya, 3 Orang Tewas
  123. ^ AntaraNews: KA Tawang Jaya Jakarta-Semarang Anjlok di Suradadi
  124. ^ AntaraNews: KA Serayu Terguling Karena Hujan
  125. ^ KA Argolawu Anjlok di Banyumas antaranews.com
  126. ^ Liputan6: Kereta Semen yang Anjlok Mulai Dievakuasi
  127. ^ AntaraNews: Rel Dipotong, KA Gumarang Anjlok di Purwodadi
  128. ^ Kereta Barang Dievakuasi, Jalur Normal Pukul 22.00 WIB Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine news.detik.com
  129. ^ Dua Kereta Api Bertabrakan di Pasuruan m.liputan6.com
  130. ^ book|last=KNKT|date=2012|url=http://knkt.dephub.go.id/knkt/ntsc_railway/Report/baru/2008/Laporan%20Akhir%20KNKT-08-10-08-02.pdf%7Ctitle=Laporan Hasil Investigasi Kecelakaan Kereta Api Tumburan KA 1001 Antaboga dengan KA 421 KRL Ekonomi KM 1+700 Petak Jalan antara St. Kemayoran - St. Kampung Bandan, DKI Jakarta, Daop 1 Jakarta, 30 Oktober 2008|location=Jakarta|publisher=Kementerian Perhubungan|url-status=live}}
  131. ^ detiknews (in Indonesian) https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1057913/ka-putri-deli-jurusan-tanjung-bale-medan-anjlok-2-penumpang-luka. Retrieved 13 July 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  132. ^ Kompas.com: KA Rajawali Tabrak KA Antaboga
  133. ^ Solopos: KRL Tabrak KRL di Manggarai
  134. ^ [1]
  135. ^ Tabrak Kerbau, PT Kereta Api Rugi 10 Miliar
  136. ^ Korban Luka KA Logawa Dilarikan ke Madiun nasional.news.viva.co.id
  137. ^ detiknews (in Indonesian) https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1438194/kereta-api-barang-tabrak-kereta-api-penumpang-di-sumut. Retrieved 13 July 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  138. ^ Tabrakan Kereta Api di Pemalang Jadi Berita Dunia tribunnews.com
  139. ^ Argo Bromo Anggrek Tabrak Truk antaranews.com
  140. ^ Tabrakan Kereta Diduga Akibat Kelalaian Manusia Archived 2014-06-27 at the Wayback Machine suarapembaruan.com
  141. ^ Admin, Tugu Malang (20 November 2020). "Kilas Balik Kereta Berjalan Sendiri di Malang, Tewaskan Seorang Bocah pada 2011". Kumparan.
  142. ^ Penyebab Tabrakan KA 4 Tewas di Sumsel Masih Diselidiki news.okezone.com
  143. ^ KRL Anjlok, PT KAI Bisa Kena Denda Rp 500 Juta tribunnews.com
  144. ^ Majalah KA Edisi Januari 2014

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rail transport in Indonesia.
Regulator
Operators
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_transport_in_Indonesia&oldid=1225132057"