List of regions in the human brain
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| Neuropsychology |
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The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)[edit]
Myelencephalon[edit]
- Medulla oblongata
- Medullary pyramids
- Arcuate nucleus
- Olivary body
- Rostral ventrolateral medulla
- Caudal ventrolateral medulla
- Solitary nucleus (Nucleus of the solitary tract)
- Respiratory center-Respiratory groups
- Paramedian reticular nucleus
- Gigantocellular reticular nucleus
- Parafacial zone
- Cuneate nucleus
- Gracile nucleus
- Perihypoglossal nuclei
- Area postrema
- Medullary cranial nerve nuclei
- Chemoreceptor trigger zone
Metencephalon[edit]
- Pons
- Pontine nuclei
- Pontine cranial nerve nuclei
- Chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V)
- Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V)
- Abducens nucleus (VI)
- Facial nerve nucleus (VII)
- Vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII)
- Superior salivatory nucleus
- Pontine tegmentum
- Parabrachial area
- Medial parabrachial nucleus
- Lateral parabrachial nucleus
- Subparabrachial nucleus (Kölliker-Fuse nucleus)
- Superior olivary complex
- Medial superior olive
- Lateral superior olive
- Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body
- Paramedian pontine reticular formation
- Parvocellular reticular nucleus
- Caudal pontine reticular nucleus
- Cerebellar peduncles
- Fourth ventricle
- Cerebellum
Midbrain (mesencephalon)[edit]
- Tectum
- Pretectum
- Tegmentum
- Cerebral peduncle
- Mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei
- Mesencephalic duct (cerebral aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius)
Forebrain (prosencephalon)[edit]
Diencephalon[edit]
Epithalamus[edit]
- Pineal body (pineal gland)
- Habenular nuclei
- Stria medullaris
- Taenia thalami
Third ventricle[edit]
Thalamus[edit]
- Anterior nuclear group
- Anteroventral nucleus (a.k.a. ventral anterior nucleus)
- Anterodorsal nucleus
- Anteromedial nucleus
- Medial nuclear group
- Lateral nuclear group
- Ventral nuclear group
- Metathalamus
- Thalamic reticular nucleus
Hypothalamus (limbic system) (HPA axis)[edit]
- Anterior
- Medial area
- Parts of preoptic area
- Medial preoptic nucleus
- Median preoptic nucleus
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- Paraventricular nucleus
- Supraoptic nucleus (mainly)
- Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
- Parts of preoptic area
- Lateral area
- Parts of preoptic area
- Lateral preoptic nucleus
- Anterior part of Lateral nucleus
- Part of supraoptic nucleus
- Parts of preoptic area
- Other nuclei of preoptic area
- Median preoptic nucleus
- Periventricular preoptic nucleus
- Medial area
- Tuberal
- Medial area
- Lateral area
- Tuberal part of Lateral nucleus
- Lateral tuberal nuclei
- Posterior
- Medial area
- Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies)
- Posterior nucleus
- Lateral area
- Posterior part of Lateral nucleus
- Medial area
- Surface
- Median eminence
- Mammillary bodies
- Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
- Optic chiasm
- Subfornical organ
- Periventricular nucleus
- Tuber cinereum
- Tuberal nucleus
- Tuberomammillary nucleus
- Tuberal region
- Mammillary nucleus
Subthalamus (HPA axis)[edit]
Pituitary gland (HPA axis)[edit]
- Neurohypophysis
- Pars intermedia (Intermediate Lobe)
- Adenohypophysis
Telencephalon (cerebrum) Cerebral hemispheres[edit]
red: frontal lobe
orange: parietal lobe
yellow: occipital lobe
green: temporal lobe
blue: cerebellum
black: brainstem
White matter[edit]
Subcortical[edit]
- Hippocampus (Medial Temporal Lobe)
- Amygdala (limbic system) (limbic lobe)
- Extended amygdala
- Claustrum
- Basal ganglia
- Striatum
- Dorsal striatum (a.k.a. neostriatum)
- Ventral striatum
- Globus pallidus (forms nucleus lentiformis with putamen)
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Striatum
- Basal forebrain
Rhinencephalon (paleocortex)[edit]
- Olfactory bulb
- Olfactory tract
- Anterior olfactory nucleus
- Piriform cortex
- Anterior commissure
- Uncus
- Periamygdaloid cortex
Cerebral cortex (neocortex)[edit]
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Cortex
- Primary visual cortex (V1)
- V2
- V3
- V4
- Gyri
- Other
- Brodmann areas 17 (V1, primary visual cortex); 18, 19
- Cortex
- Temporal lobe
- Insular cortex
- Cingulate cortex
Neural pathways[edit]
- Superior longitudinal fasciculus
- Uncinate fasciculus
- Perforant pathway
- Thalamocortical radiations
- Corpus callosum
- Anterior commissure
- Amygdalofugal pathway
- Interthalamic adhesion
- Posterior commissure
- Habenular commissure
- Fornix
- Mammillotegmental fasciculus
- Incertohypothalamic pathway
- Cerebral peduncle
- Medial forebrain bundle
- Medial longitudinal fasciculus
- Myoclonic triangle
- Solitary tract
- Major dopaminergic pathways from dopaminergic cell groups
- Serotonergic pathways
- Norepinephrine Pathways
- Locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups
- Epinephrine pathways from adrenergic cell groups
- Glutamate and acetylcholine pathways from mesopontine nuclei
Motor systems / Descending fibers[edit]
- Extrapyramidal system
- Pyramidal tract
- Corticomesencephalic tract
- Tectospinal tract
- Interstitiospinal tract
- Rubrospinal tract
- Rubro-olivary tract
- Olivocerebellar tract
- Olivospinal tract
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Reticulospinal tract
- Lateral raphespinal tract
- Alpha system
- Gamma system
Somatosensory system[edit]
- Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway
- Spinothalamic tract
- Spinocerebellar tract
- Spino-olivary tract
- Spinoreticular tract
Visual system[edit]
Auditory system[edit]
Nerves[edit]
Neuro endocrine systems[edit]
Neuro vascular systems[edit]
- Middle cerebral artery
- Posterior cerebral artery
- Anterior cerebral artery
- Vertebral artery
- Basilar artery
- Circle of Willis (arterial system)
- Blood–brain barrier
- Glymphatic system
- Venous systems
- Circumventricular organs
Neurotransmitter pathways[edit]
Dural meningeal system[edit]
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
- Meningeal coverings
- Epidural space
- Subdural space
- Subarachnoid space
- Ventricular system
- Lateral ventricles
- Angular bundle
- Anterior horn
- Body of lateral ventricle
- Inferior horn
- Posterior horn
- Subventricular zone
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Foramina
- Lateral ventricles
Limbic system[edit]
The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the midbrain.[1] The classification of structures as part of the limbic system is historical and originates from the position of the structures at the boundary between two functionally distinct components (hence, the name limbus, meaning border) and the structures' shared roles in emotional processes (see limbic system for more details). Hence, there is overlap of structures in the limbic system and in other classifications of brain structures. The following areas have been considered part of the limbic system.[2][3]
- Cortical areas:
- Limbic lobe
- Orbitofrontal cortex: a region in the frontal lobe involved in the process of decision-making
- Piriform cortex: part of the olfactory system
- Entorhinal cortex: related to memory and associative components
- Hippocampus and associated structures: play a central role in the consolidation of new memories
- Fornix: a white matter structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures, particularly the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei
- Subcortical areas:
- Septal nuclei: a set of structures that lie in front of the lamina terminalis, considered a pleasure zone
- Amygdala: located deep within the temporal lobes and related with a number of emotional processes
- Nucleus accumbens: involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
- Diencephalic structures:
- Hypothalamus: a center for the limbic system, connected with the frontal lobes, septal nuclei, and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle, with the hippocampus via the fornix, and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus; regulates many autonomic processes
- Mammillary bodies: part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus
- Anterior nuclei of thalamus: receive input from the mammillary bodies and involved in memory processing
Other areas that have been included in the limbic system include the:
- Stria medullaris
- Central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden
Related topics[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Schacter, Daniel L. 2012. Psychology.sec. 3.20
- ^ Swenson, Rand. "Chapter 9 - Limbic System". Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2015.:
- ^ Rajmohan V, Mohandas E (2007). "The limbic system". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 49 (2): 132–139. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.33264. PMC 2917081. PMID 20711399.
External links[edit]
- Brain at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (view tree for regions of the brain)
- BrainMaps.org
- BrainInfo (University of Washington)
- "Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works". Johns Hopkins Medicine. 14 July 2021.
- "Brain Map". Queensland Health. 12 July 2022.